Review: Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins

A review of the systemic acute phase reaction with major cytokines involved, and the hepatic metabolic changes,negative and positive acute phase proteins (APPs) with function and associated pathology is given. It appears that APPs represent appropriate analytes for assessment of animal health. Whereas they represent non-specific markers as biological effect reactants,they can be used for assessing nutritional deficits and reactive processes, especially when positive and negative acute phase variables are combined in an index. When such acute phase index is applied to separate healthy animals from animals with some disease, much better results are obtained than with single analytes and statistically acceptable results for culling individual animals may be reached.Unfortunately at present no cheap, comprehensive and easy to use system is available for assessing various acute phase proteins in serum or blood samples at the same time. Protein microarray or fluid phase microchip technology may satisfy this need;and permit simultaneous analysis of numerous analytes in the same small volume sample and enable integration of information derived from systemic reactivity and nutrition with disease specific variables. Applying such technology may help to solve health problems in various countries not only in animal husbandry but also in human populations.     

Acute phase reactants, challenge in the near future of animal production and veterinary medicine

INTRODUCTION The systemic acute phase reaction known to occur on infection, inflammation, trauma, burns, ma- lignancies and tissue damage in general, has been studied by scientists from various disciplines. In the last decade, emphasis has been laid on application of blood tests for acute phase reactants to monitor ani-mal health in general, as well as for human patients suffering from specified classes of diseases (Gruys et al., 2005). However, basic mechanistic patterns as- sociated wit…     

Protein folding pathology in domestic animals

Fibrillar proteins form structural elements of cells and the extracellular matrix. Pathological lesions of fibrillar microanatomical structures, or secondary fibrillar changes in globular proteins are well known. A special group concerns histologically amorphous deposits, amyloid. The major characteristics of amyloid are: apple green birefringence after Congo red staining of histological sections, and non-branching 7-10 nm thick fibrils on electron microscopy revealing a high content of cross beta pleated sheets. About 25 different types of amyloid have been characterised. In animals,AA-amyloid is the most frequent type. Other types of amyloid in animals represent: AIAPP (in cats), AApoAⅠ, AApoAⅡ,localised AL-amyloid, amyloid in odontogenic or mammary tumors and amyloid in the brain. In old dogs Aβ and in sheep APrPsc-amyloid can be encountered. AA-amyloidosis is a systemic disorder with a precursor in blood, acute phase serum amyloid A (SAA). In chronic inflammatory processes AA-amyloid can be deposited. A rapid crystallization of SAA to shown to penetrate the enteric barrier. Amyloid fibrils can aggregate from various precursor proteins in vitro in particular at acidic pH and when proteolytic fragments are formed. Molecular chaperones influence this process. Tissue data point to amyloid fibrillogenesis in lysosomes and near cell surfaces. A comparison can be made of the fibrillogenesis in prion diseases and in enhanced AA-amyloidosis. In the reactive form, acute phase SAA is the supply of the precursor protein,whereas in tho prion diseases, cell membrane proteins form a structural source. Aβ-amyloid in brain tissue of aged dogs showing signs of dementia forms a canine counterpart of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (ccSDAT) in man. Misfolded proteins remain potential food hazards. Developments concerning prevention of amyloidogenesis and therapy of amyloid deposits are shortly commented.     

股票价格指数与宏观经济变量关系的实证研究

从理论和实证两方面分析股票价格指数与宏观经济之间的关系,协整检验结果表明,股票价格指数与宏观经济变量之间存在长期均衡关系。具体而言,股票价格指数与企业景气指标、工业增加值之间呈正相关关系,而与利率、货币供给之间是一种负相关关系,与通货膨胀率之间的关系则不确定。     

势阱贯穿中的负位相时间效应

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认知重评和表达抑制对老年人日常情绪的交互作用

采用情绪调节问卷、正性情感和负性情感量表对378名60岁以上的老年人进行了入户调查,以考察两种情绪调节的交互作用对老年人日常情绪体验的影响.结果表明：老年人更习惯采用认知重评的调节方式,正情绪体验较多,负情绪体验较少;认知重评、表达抑制和正情绪存在显著的城乡差异,负情绪差异不显著.分层回归分析表明,教育、健康是影响老年人正情绪体验的两个重要的人口学变量,来源地和收入是影响老年人负情绪体验的两个重要的人口学变量;认知重评正向预测老年人的正情绪,负向预测负性情绪,且认知重评与表达抑制交互效应对老年人正情绪预测显著,对负情绪预测不显著。     

A(副相)/Nd_2Fe_(14)B(主相)系列双相纳米晶复合永磁体的研究

介绍了双相纳米晶ＮｄＦｅＢ复合永磁材料的设计与制备工艺，以及它的最新研究进展和研究方向．     

Parental disillusionment with school: prevalence and relationship with demographic variables,and phase,size and location of school

This study examines the prevalence of parental disillusionment with school and its relationship with demographic variables, and phase, size and location of schools. Findings are based on data from 1569 parents of children in grades 5 to 10 from 20 schools in 9 municipalities in Norway. Previous research in other countries shows benefits for the children's attainments at school of positive relationships between parents and teachers. However, only a few studies in Norway have focused on home–school collaboration. Parents in this study are more likely to report disillusionment in big schools than in small schools. Also, parents with low income tend to be more disillusioned than parents with high income. However, the general lack of significant differences between schools might indicate that parental disillusionment was more likely to arise from conflicts between teachers and parents and from policy and practice in the school.     

试析民办高校资源配置的充足性

民办高校资源配置的充足性,主要体现在民办高校在资源的要素配置上的充足程度,它有着特殊的功用。资源充足率、核心资源充足率和核心资源比重是衡量民办高校资源充足性的基本指标,利用促进性指标和破坏性指标可以提高衡量的精确性。我国民办高校的资源配置普遍不足,对单一市场的依附性和公共财政的缺位是造成这一现状的根本原因。通过建立多元混合机制、增注核心资源等手段,有利于实现民办高校资源配置的充足性。     

中国龙的形成与水神崇拜

龙是由两种或多种动物和其他物组合而成的幻想中的动物。组合成龙的动物或其他物,并不是毫无选择的,它们都是民间信仰中具备兴云布雨或司水理水职司的神灵。由此可见,龙的形成与水神崇拜密切相关。人们为了有效或尽快解除水旱之灾,往往同时祭祀多种水神,即将多种水神放在一起祭祀。祭祀的对象往往不可能是实物,而多是象征物或图形。当人们将多种水神象征物或图形放在一起作为祭祀对象时,就很有可能将他们组装在一起。多种水神动物和其他物的组合便形成了幻想中的动物——龙。龙的形成发展过程是不同的水神动物由简单组合到复杂组合的历程。在这一漫长的组合历程中,留下了不同的组合体,因而也就形成了千奇百怪的龙。     

动物词汇在中西文化中的不同体现

动物词汇除了具有字面意义代表动物本身之外,还有着丰富的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词汇的文化内涵之异同,来探讨英汉动物词汇的翻译,认为动物词汇的翻译应采用“异化为主,归化为副”的策略。     

相衬显微镜实验设计

曾获诺贝尔奖的相衬显微镜技术在光学发展史上具有里程碑意义,但现实中缺乏相关的教学实验。介绍了新开发的相衬显微镜实验的设计思想和实现方案,利用相衬附件在普通显微镜上进行相衬成像实验。学生在理论学习和掌握仪器操作的基础上,利用速干胶、洋葱表皮和酵母细胞自制简易标本,调节显微镜获得完美成像,以CCD及计算机采集并存储所获图像作为实验报告的素材,通过实验后的讨论加深理解,从而完成有个性的实验报告。     

“大五”人格与应对方式对企业员工心理健康的影响

目的:探讨民营企业员工"大五"人格、应对方式对心理健康的影响,寻找成功的应对模型。方法:对长沙市6家民营企业456名被试进行问卷调查,并采用描述统计和多层回归分折的方法对数据进行分析。结果:除员工性别、教育程度和心理健康水平相关不显著外,其他控制变量(人口统计学变量)均与心理健康水平存在显著相关,各模型中的各预测变量与因变量有显著的线性关系,且变量的每一次进入都能够有效导致模型整体解释力的提高,宜人性×积极应对,宜人性×消极应对,智力×消极应对的交互效应都显著地影响企业员工的心理健康水平。结论:宜人性×积极应对方式是企业员工心理健康的最佳应对模式。     

Inequity aversion in dogs: a review

The study of inequity aversion in animals debuted with a report of the behaviour in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). This report generated many debates following a number of criticisms. Ultimately, however, the finding stimulated widespread interest, and multiple studies have since attempted to demonstrate inequity aversion in various other non-human animal species, with many positive results in addition to many studies in which no response to inequity was found. Domestic dogs represent an interesting case as, unlike many primates, they do not respond negatively to inequity in reward quality but do, however, respond negatively to being unrewarded in the presence of a rewarded partner. Numerous studies have been published on inequity aversion in dogs in recent years. Combining three tasks and seven peer-reviewed publications, over 140 individual dogs have been tested in inequity experiments. Consequently, dogs are one of the best studied species in this field and could offer insights into inequity aversion in other non-human animal species. In this review, we summarise and critically evaluate the current evidence for inequity aversion in dogs. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive discussion of two understudied aspects of inequity aversion, the underlying mechanisms and the ultimate function, drawing on the latest findings on these topics in dogs while also placing these developments in the context of what is known, or thought to be the case, in other non-human animal species. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding of inequity aversion in dogs and thereby identify potential avenues for future research in this area.     

教育技术学科点建设的系统分析和发展策略

从系统工程的思想和方法的视角,将学科点的建设问题看作是一个具有多种目标变量、控制变量和环境变量的系统优化问题,可以把影响学科点建设的因素分为三类:学科产出(目标变量)、学科状态(控制变量)和学科环境(环境变量),将学科点的发展策略视作对上述系统的动态控制手段。通过采用案例分析的方法,对基于上述系统模型结合国内外三个教育技术学科点的发展状况和策略进行了分析,结果表明:该系统模型较好地说明了教育技术学科点建设中各种影响因素之间的关系以及学科点特色形成的机制,据此归纳总结了教育技术学科点的发展策略。     

Experimental studies of animal social learning in the wild: Trying to untangle the mystery of human culture

Here I discuss how studies on animal social learning may help us understand human culture. It is an evolutionary truism that complex biological adaptations always evolve from less complex but related adaptations, but occasionally evolutionary transitions lead to major biological changes whose end products are difficult to anticipate. Language-based cumulative adaptive culture in humans may represent an evolutionary transition of this type. Most of the social learning observed in animals (and even plants) may be due to mechanisms that cannot produce cumulative cultural adaptations. Likewise, much of the critical content of socially transmitted human culture seems to show no parallel in nonhuman species. Thus, with regard to the uniquely human extent and quality of culture, we are forced to ask: Are other species only a few small steps away from this transition, or do they lack multiple critical features that make us the only truly cultural species? Only future research into animal social learning can answer these questions.     

INFLUENCE OF PEER SOCIAL EXPERIENCES ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INDICATORS OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Modern definitions of complete mental health include both positive and negative indicators of psychological functioning. We examined the associations between peer relationships (victimization and receipt of prosocial acts) and multiple indicators of mental health that represent subjective well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) and psychopathology (general internalizing symptoms and externalizing problems—aggressive behavior) among 500 high school students in Grades 9 to 11. Peer experiences explained the most variance in positive affect (R² = 18%) and internalizing psychopathology (R² = 19%). Different types of peer experiences drove these effects, with relational victimization particularly salient to internalizing psychopathology and prosocial acts by peers most predictive of positive affect. Moderation analyses indicated that peers’ prosocial acts did not serve a protective role in the associations between victimization and mental health. Instead, the presence of overt victimization negated the positive associations between prosocial acts and good mental health (high life satisfaction, low internalizing psychopathology). Understanding these associations illuminates the range of student outcomes possibly impacted by victimization and suggests that both limiting peer victimization and facilitating positive peer experiences may be necessary to facilitate complete mental health among high school students.     

Children linking science and technology in the primary classroom

This research project exemplifies how technology can facilitate scientific investigations. It also highlights how enthusiastic children can be when they are encouraged to pose their own questions and take responsibility for finding the answers. Year 5 children, working in groups, were involved in designing, making and appraising catchers and enclosures used to investigate small animals found within their school's grounds. A videotape of this project was made and should be a valuable resource for the professional development of both trainee and practising teachers. Included in the tape are children's spontaneous comments, their concern for animal welfare, and reflection on the various aspects of their investigations. Syndal South Primary School     

Health Professionals' Attitudes and Educational Needs Regarding New Food Processing Technologies

ABSTRACT: This project evaluates the attitudes of food and health professionals to 3 new food processing technologies that have been developed to respond to consumer demands such as superior taste, longer shelf life, higher nutritional content, health benefits, and environment‐friendly processing. Educational brochures for high pressure (HP), pulsed electric field (PEF), and ohmic heating (OH) processes were developed based on the current literature and consumer information needs. An internet web survey was conducted to determine information needs of food and health professionals and to assess their satisfaction with the data provided in the educational brochures. Health professionals hold a positive attitude toward HP, OH, and PEF. No negative attitudes or discomfort were reported. More people indicated they were very comfortable with HP than any other technology, and as a consequence this technology received the highest scores of likeliness to be included in health professionals' recommendations.     

通过体育锻炼促进心理健康

随着科学技术的迅猛发展,现代社会生产生活发生了巨大的变化,同时也给人类带来了一些负面效应。体育锻炼是现代人增强体质、预防疾病、调节心理、娱悦身心、适应社会的有效方式之一,在现代社会生产和生活中具有积极的作用。