"影子教育":国外关于课外补习的研究与启示

课外补习在一些国家已存在很长时间,俨然成为主流学校教育的"影子"。近二十年来国外已经对课外补习做了大量的实证研究。课外补习的分布、规模、科目、强度、影响因素与政府政策等方面都具有鲜明的特点,它对教育、经济和社会都产生了广泛的影响。这对我国的教育政策制订和教育研究具有一定的启示意义。     

课外补习规管的必要性、国际经验与中国对策

课外补习已成为包括中国在内的世界各国的一种普遍现象,其蓬勃发展对教育、经济以及社会发展都有着巨大和深刻的影响。但我国缺乏相应的规管政策,而国外一些国家通过颁布法律、税制改革和财政政策对课外补习市场进行规管并取得了一些效果。通过比较世界各国针对课外补习制定的相关政策,提出通过制定规章制度和政策、完善教育体制、实施均衡化的教育财政体系以引导和规范课外补习,抑制课外补习的不良影响,促进教育乃至社会公平。     

课外补习对我国初中生减负的影响研究——基于中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)2015数据分析

学业负担过重是我国教育研究中的热点问题,为此国家不断提出各种减负政策.近几年,我国减负政策聚焦于校外培训机构的治理,因此研究课外补习对我国初中学生学业负担的影响可以为我国更好实施减负政策提供重要参考.基于CEPS2015全国大样本基线调查数据,利用卡方检验、ordinal回归分析和shapley分解法,分析课外补习对我国初中生主观学业负担和客观学业负担的影响差异和影响程度.研究发现:参加课外补习增加学生的客观学业负担,却减轻了学生的主观学业负担;个人因素对学生主观学业负担和校内客观负担的影响程度最大,课外补习影响程度较小,但课外补习对学生校外客观负担的影响程度最大,是造成学生校外客观负担较重的主要原因.政府、学校和家庭应根据课外补习对我国初中生学业负担的影响差异和程度,实施精准减负政策,有效减轻我国初中学生主客观负担.     

课外补习时间、学生成绩与社会再生产

基于PISA2012上海的数据,研究了上海中学生的课外补习时间状况,探讨了补习时间对学生成绩的影响效应.研究发现:家庭经济条件好和私立学校的学生参与数学补习时间更多;数学补习时间对学生数学成绩具有显著的正向效应,家庭经济社会地位低的学生增加课外补习时间后的数学成绩提升幅度更大;如果不同家庭经济社会地位的学生获得相同的数学补习机会,则增加数学补习时间能减小因家庭经济社会地位差距而带来的数学成绩差距,促进教育结果的均等化.如同学校教育一样,课外补习的教育社会再生产新机制也日趋明显,这将对义务教育公平和社会正常流动带来严重挑战.本研究政策启示为,政府应该为家庭经济收入较低且在教育竞争中处于不利地位的学生提供课外补习费用补贴,保证其补习时间,缩小与其他学生的成绩差距,促进教育结果均等及教育跨代际效应功能的发挥.     

国内课外补习研究回顾与展望

课外补习在国外被称为“影子教育(shadow education)“.国内有研究者将其称为“择教“,是与“择校“并列的教育选择形式之一.国内的课外补习研究主要是从课外补习的概念、成因,现状、影响和政策启示等方面展开的.未来该领域需要加强基础性理论研究、实证研究、比较研究等.     

影子教育是否扩大教育结果的不均等——基于PISA 2012上海数据的经验研究

被称为影子教育系统的课外补习在东亚国家相当普遍.本文基于国际学生能力评价项目PISA 2012上海的数据,使用多层线性模型,分析了影子教育对学生数学成绩的影响,并使用再加权倾向得分匹配法(RPSM)估算影子教育的净效应.研究发现:数学课外补习对学生数学成绩具有正向效应;科学课外补习与数学课外补习存在“叠加效应”;语言课外补习与数学课外补习存在“挤出效应”;如果不同家庭社会经济地位的学生参与课外补习的机会相等,参加数学课外补习可以缩减家庭经济社会地位带来的成绩差异,起到促进教育结果均等的作用.由此,本文建议政府和学校为家庭经济收入较低且学业成绩较低的学生提供必要的课外补习机会,免收其补习费用;倡议大型的教育补习集团设立贫困生补习基金和奖励基金,从而形成政府、学校和社会共同促进义务教育阶段教育结果均等的局面.     

初中生课外补习支出:现状、影响因素及政策启示

利用中国教育追踪调查2014年数据(CEPS),比较分析了我国初中生课外补习支出现状,探讨了初中生课外补习支出的影响因素.研究结果显示:学习成绩、家庭因素、学校因素和地区因素均对学生课外补习支出有显著影响.学生学习成绩越好,学校质量越高,其课外补习支出越低,表明我国初中生的课外补习主要为"补差型";在我国初中阶段,有超过一半的学生在参加课外补习,而且学生课外补习支出占家庭教育总支出的比重也越来越大,加重了许多家庭特别是弱势阶层家庭的经济负担.政府应高度重视课外补习,规范和管理课外补习市场,努力提高主流教育质量,向社会弱势阶层家庭提供课外补习费用等补贴,从而促进义务教育的公平及均衡发展.     

家庭背景、课外补习与学生非认知能力的关系研究——基于中国教育追踪调查数据的经验证据

基于中国教育追踪调查2014年数据,利用倾向得分匹配法和中介模型探讨课外补习对学生非认知能力的影响以及家庭背景、课外补习和学生非认知能力三者的路径机制,研究发现:参加课外补习的学生非认知能力平均得分明显高于未参加课外补习的学生.采用倾向得分匹配法分析发现,学生参加课外补习有助于提高非认知能力,兴趣类课外补习对学生非认知能力的影响效应高于学术类课外补习.兴趣类课外补习在家庭社会经济地位对学生非认知能力影响过程中起到了部分中介效应,而学术类课外补习并没有显著的中介效应.因此,一方面家庭应更多的选择兴趣类课外补习进行投资,提高学生非认知能力.另一方面学校应加强美育教育,重视学生非认知能力的培养.     

初中生课外补习城乡差异分析——基于甘肃、湖南和江苏3省的初中学生课外补习调查

面对巨大的升学压力,学生和家长纷纷选择课外补习,使得课外补习在各地蔓延.不同级别城市、来自不同家庭背景、学校教育条件等都会对学生参与课外补习的选择产生影响.本文主要关注省城中学和县城中学的学生在选择课外补习上的差异,深入探讨这些学生参与课外补习与家庭背景的关联性,特别是城乡差别对课外补习的影响.本研究基于对3个不同经济发展水平省份的初中学生课外补习调查.     

课外补习能提高学生的学业成绩吗？——基于21项实证研究的元分析

“双减”政策实施三年来取得初步成效,但家长和校外培训机构仍然是影响政策落实的重要因素。为探明课外补习与学业成绩之间的真正关系,寻找关键调节变量,对21项原始研究,涉及54个独立样本、79个效应量、242 601名被试进行元分析。结果显示：课外补习与学生学业成绩之间存在低相关,采用剪补法修正后,课外补习对学业成绩影响不显著。在9个调节变量中,学生性别、学段、家庭社会经济地位、所处地区、补习科目、补习时长、补习班类型等变量对课外补习效果均不显著。研究结论有助于澄清人们对课外补习作用的片面认识,为教育决策者、教育研究者、教师、家长及学生提供新的思考。     

美国会计教育研究的回顾及启示——兼论我国会计教育改革

近一个世纪以来,美国会计教育及其研究水平一直处于世界领先地位,其成功的经验值得世界各国加以借鉴。文章在回顾美国近20年来会计教育研究和实践的主要成果的基础上,对我国会计教育改革提出了相应的建议。     

What is the meaning of special education? Problem representations in Swedish policy documents: late 1970s–2014

In Sweden, as in many other countries, inclusion has been on the political agenda for a long time and has served as a blueprint and guiding principle for practical work in school. However, inclusive education has, by and large, been associated with special education measures, which seriously limit the chances of achieving the vision of inclusion. In this article, we analyse how the meaning of special education is constructed in policy documents from four distinct time periods of Swedish education policy from the late 1970s to 2014. The paper draws on an approach to scrutinise the process of problematisation in public policy-making. Based on the analysis, we argue that there are prospects of a hegemonic intervention regarding the meaning of special education during later years in Swedish education policy, emphasising an individual perspective and individual deficiencies. In contrast to inclusive ambitions, this perspective advocate segregated support measures. Finally, based on previous research and tendencies within the field, we present arguments in the concluding discussion why this hegemonic intervention in education policy also might attract the support of school personnel at the local school level and some potential consequences of the expansion of special education in Sweden.     

Taking stock of sustainability in higher education: a review of the policy literature

Abstract

This paper provides a review of the current literature that examines the uptake of sustainability policies in higher education. Articles were retrieved from both ERIC and Scopus databases and then manually reviewed to ensure that they focused on each of: higher education; sustainability; and policy. A total of 91 articles were analysed using a multi-stage process that involved sorting data according to typologies (i.e. temporal, terminology, methodology, geography), coding the text of the articles based on topical content, and an indexing method used to label data for further analysis and the development of broader code categories. Results suggest that drivers and barriers associated with the integration of sustainability policy in higher education are well known; yet increased research is needed to understand best practices and processes by which sustainability can be furthered through higher education policy. In addition, findings demonstrate the need for future research to focus on various aspects of the policy process, including policy development and enactment, and on implications of policy for practice. While there have been some reviews of sustainability policy in higher education research to date, this review contributes to this literature by highlighting research primarily focused on sustainability policy within higher education.     

Convergence in education policy? A quantitative analysis of policy change and stability in OECD countries

In this article, we quantitatively assess education policy change in OECD countries. While research has frequently underlined the importance of international exchange for national policy development, it is yet unclear whether resulting policies are converging. By distinguishing different kinds of education policy goals, we hypothesise that indicators related to macro-level goals are more likely to converge than those related to implementation. We then analyse the development of several education policies since the 1990s. We find strong convergence of some indicators and among some groups of countries, but no clear pattern emerges. Convergence is only partially influenced by the abstractness of education policy goals, and in particular the Scandinavian countries seem to pursue their own approaches in important education policy options.     

From marginalisation to integration: Arab-Palestinians in Israeli academia

The Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel, one-fifth of the country's population, has been underrepresented in Israeli institutions of higher education since the establishment of the state. This article focuses on the authors’ shared aim of promoting diversity and multiculturalism in institutions of higher education in Israel. It first introduces Arab marginalisation within Israeli society as a whole. Subsequently, it offers a critical overview of existing data and research on the challenges faced by young Arab-Palestinians in higher education institutions in Israel. Based on this indispensable analysis, which clearly shows the numerous obstacles that await Arab-Palestinians on their path to graduation, the article goes on to suggest some required changes. Presenting some useful policy transformations and courses of action, it subsequently introduces multicultural academia as a better conceptual and practical framework for achieving inclusive education.     

Power relations in the enactment of English language education policy for Chinese schools

The scale of English language education in China is astounding, but recent research has shown that the latest national English education policy for Chinese schools has not been implemented successfully due to various reasons. One reason given for the lack of success is the impracticability of the top-down policy itself excluding teachers’ involvement and neglecting the contextual constraints. Building on the theoretical framework of multi-levelled actors in language planning and language policy, and drawing on some key concepts in relation to power in Critical Language Policy research, this paper explores how a national English language curriculum that emphasizes the international standards and norms in curriculum design has been enacted, ineffectively, by the key stakeholders through analysing the specific roles of three groups of key stakeholders involved in the English as a foreign language curriculum policy implementation.     

Teachers as mediators between educational policy and practice

Teachers obviously serve as the medium for causing the result of policy as they carry it into schools and classrooms and deliver it to pupils. They mediate between education policy and practice. Knowledge of the exact nature and effects of this vital role is limited. Drawing on a range of research and evaluation of both national and local policy in practice, carried out by the authors in England, this paper illustrates how teachers mediate policy and the resulting outcomes. Further, it proposes a typology of teacher adaptation to education policy. The paper argues that as yet the appropriate professional role for teachers within policy‐making and implementation has not been achieved, and outlines what this might be. Finally, it outlines some implications for teacher education.     

加强我国高等教育政策研究的若干思考

随着高等教育在国家经济和社会发展中地位的日益提高 ,高等教育政策研究的重要性也日显突出。通过加强高等教育政策研究来提升政府在高等教育领域的决策能力 ,是当前高等教育发展中面临的一个十分重要的问题。在此基础上 ,作者提出了加强我国高等教育政策研究的几点建议     

教育政策研究中的性别意识探析

教育政策贯穿整个教育管理活动,每一种教育管理行为的发生都来源于一定的教育政策。近年来,在教育政策研究的基本环节中,＂人＂的主体不断增强。对＂人＂的关怀往往是基于对抽象化的人的分析,在话语中缺少了一个重要的人类学现实——人的性别存在。女性主义教育思潮与社会性别理论的兴起,丰富了教育政策的理论基础和研究视角,在教育政策研究中纳入性别意识,能够使教育政策研究更加贴切于＂人＂的存在,更富有＂人性＂。     

Forty years of teacher education in Australia: 1974–2014

In this paper, I analyse the history of teacher education in Australia from 1974 to the current policy moment in which questions are increasingly being asked about the quality of teaching and teacher education. Teacher education is, and has been, a highly scrutinised domain in Australia. Since the 1970s, we have seen more than 100 reviews of teacher education in Australia, with another one recently announced in 2014. I focus on three phases in the growth and development of teacher education in the past 40 years by considering the ways in which teacher education (and teaching) has been thought about at various points in time and analysing the related policies for funding governance and regulation. I finish by focusing on the current policy moment in Australia which is positioning teacher education as a ‘policy problem’ requiring a national solution and consider the role of research in, on and for, teacher education into the future.