“序”体小议

清代“桐城派”集大成者姚鼐曾把文体分为十三类：序跋、书牍、赠序、传状、碑表等等。在这十三种文体中，“序”有两类，一为书序，一为赠序，其文体特征迥异。     

“序”与“引”

序是介绍评述一部著作、一篇文章或者说明出版意旨、编排体例和作者情况等的一种文体。在古代分为赠序和书序两种。赠序是写出来送人的文章，如唐代韩愈的《送孟东野序》。我们这里所说的序指书序，如东晋王羲之的《兰亭集序》。     

文体宜兼：中古地学知识对六朝文体的重构

传统文学观念以魏晋为“文学的自觉期”,偏重于对作品情性的研究。然而,一个时代的知识修养大可改变一个时代的文学。魏晋时期,地学知识的发展,影响了原有文体的特性,并衍生出新的文体形式。时人以山水为题,以之为赋、为序、为书、为记,虽各有体式而在知识结构上相互影响,这种“文体宜兼”的特性,实质上涉及到一个时代知识体系的发展与文体变革的关系。从知识的传承、扩展角度对文体的变革进行研究,对于拓展现有的文体理论具有重要的意义。     

"愚"志不渝--关于《愚溪诗序》的解读

《愚溪诗序》是唐柳宗元在被贬永州时所作《八愚许》（已亡佚）的一篇序。细读这篇序，我们不难体会到作被贬永州后的心情：凄凉、愤激和无奈。这种心情是他至死不悔的“愚”志的郁结，即正直而满腹才华、极有“利世”的心志与遭受排挤打击后而矢志不渝的操守，无处张扬，无处倾诉，只能与山水为伍，从山水中寻求慰藉。“投迹山水地，放情咏《离骚》”。生活中的酸甜苦辣铸炼他的“愚”志，使他借助笔下的山水一一呈现。     

陶渊明诗文序研究

“序”是古代文体的一种,是实用性的文体。它的渊源百家说法不一,但是不影响“序”这种文体的成熟并逐渐成为应用广泛的文体。陶渊明序文数量是魏晋南北朝诗人较多的,其诗文序可以分为：赠答、闲居抒情、感事而发三类,这三类序文传达了陶渊明的生活状况、内心世界,从另一个角度提供了研究陶渊明的资料。     

泄为山水诗 逸韵谐奇趣——读谢灵运《登池上楼》

齐宋时代的山水诗代替了东晋以来的玄言诗,是南朝诗歌发展上的第一个重要的变化。 沈玉成先生《谢灵运评传》说:“山水诗脱胎于玄言诗,又否定了玄言诗。这两者是相互对立而又相互联系的,在玄言家的心目中,山水本来有‘以形媚道’(宗炳《画山水序》)的一面。山水之中包孕着玄趣,玄言诗中出现一点山水描写也并不罕见。东晋后期。模山范水的作品渐渐增多,诗风开始转变。谢灵运的叔父谢混在这一转变中曾经作出过贡献,但真正以自己的艺术实践完成这一变革,并使山水诗在中国文学史上成为一个流派的,则是谢灵运。”这里。不仅指出了山水诗代替玄言诗的过程,而且充分肯定了谢灵运的贡献和功绩。     

山水游记与山水游记的时代特色

山水文学是中国文学的重要组成部分。山水文学包括山水诗和山水散文两大系统，而山水游记则是山水散文的一大主干。山水游记作为一种文体，有它从孕育到成熟的发展历程，而成熟后的山水游记，在不同的时代又呈现出不同的时代特色。     

山水诗肇始的语言考察

山水诗歌产生的原因很多,语言的诗化是其中之一。先秦至东晋各种文体中的山水描写成分,为山水诗的出现作了量的积累和描写技巧的积淀,加速了有关山水的语言的诗化进程。尤其是天生具有语言美的汉赋和东晋的山水赋,对有关山水的语言的诗化贡献更大。     

晋宋山水田园诗崛起的深层原因

东晋后期到刘宋时期，山水田园作为一种新的诗歌题材崛起于诗坛，除一些显见的原因外，还有两个深层原因：一是封建政治经济制度下形成的士人生活模式所导致的隐逸心理；二是玄学思想的迅速发展促成晋宋士人山水意识的进一步转化，形成真正意义上的山水田园诗。     

中国古代诗学语境中的文体概念--从刘勰《文心雕龙》谈起

中国古代诗学语境中文体概念的所指内涵有一个温长的建构、离析和积淀的过程。《文心雕龙》中“文体”一词的所指内涵主要有三：体裁、风格和语言表达方式。刘勰这种广义文体概念，在魏晋南北朝时期较多为人们所采用，这之前是广义文体概念的建构时期，人们大多是在体制、体裁意义上使用“文体”一词。唐宋以降，尤其是明清两代，刘勰广义文体概念开始变得狭义化。其主要标志是离析，一方面，语言表达方式、风格这两层意义渐渐从中分离出来，成为相对独立的概念；另一方面，“文体”在仅指述体裁这一意义上也有被“体裁”一词所取代的趋势，到了近、现代，这种离析越来越彻底。然而，当西方当代文体学理论涌入中国时，人们又一次在语言表达方式这一意义上认同了西方文体概念，这与中国古代文体概念自身就积淀着这一意义分不开。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.