Item analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised

Indices of item diffculty and item discrimination were analyzed for the items comprising the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised as obtained from a group of 142 subjects with Full Scale IQs below 96. Item validities were estimated by computing the biserial correlation between dichotomized item responses and the total weight score. Kendall's tau was computed for each item. The item difficulties for each subtest except Information and Vocabulary are roughly in the same rank order as those obtained by the stadardization group. Evidence from the study indicates that the increase in the number of items on the WISC-R helped to increase its internal Validity. Analysis of the data ragarding the internal consistency of the test indicates that the majority of the items operate as significant discriminators. Changes in the order of that administration and /or revision of the record form would not seem warranted on the basis of the present study.     

The relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III scales and subtests with gifted children

Each year thousands of children are evaluated or reevaluated utilizing the current edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to determine their eligibility for gifted programs. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (1991) is new enough that only limited research is available on how it compares to the previously used Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1974). The purpose of this study was to determine the comparability between the previously dominant intelligence scale, the WISC-R, and the revised WISC-III with gifted children. The results of this study indicate that the latest revision (WISC-III) and the earlier version (WISC-R) produce remarkably similar scale and subtest scores when administered under clinical conditions to gifted children. All 51 children determined eligible through the administration of one of these two Wechsler tests would have been eligible for services had the other test been administered. The Verbal and Performance scale IQ scores were within two points of each other across the two test administrations, while only a one-point difference existed between the Full Scale IQ scores. The Arithmetic, Comprehension, and Object Assembly subtest scores were in high agreement across the two administrations (p<.01). The level of agreement between some subtests across the two administrations suggests that clinical judgment is just as important as scores in considering who is eligible for gifted programs.     

《韦氏儿童智力量表-第四版》性能分析

《韦氏儿童智力量表-第四版》于2003年在北美公开发行和使用以来,得到众多学校心理学、儿童心理学和临床心理学专家的好评。与以往韦氏儿童智力量表相比,第四版本不再使用单一的言语量表得分和操作量表得分来笼统概括儿童的智力水平,而是提供了言语理解(Verbal Comprehension)、知觉推理(Perceptual Reasoning)、工作记忆(Working Memory)和加工速度(Processing Speed)四大分量表的索引得分以及一个全量表得分。这种更加细化的分类使得这一测验的结果有助于更精确地做临床诊断。心理学工作者和特殊教育工作者可以更直观、更具体地判断出被试是否在某一特定的认知功能方面有障碍或缺陷。韦氏第四套智力量表与以往的韦氏量表相比不仅仅是更新和扩大了常模,其设计理念的改进、记分方法的改变都使得该测验的结果更有助于心理学和特殊教育工作者做出更准确的解释和临床判断。文章详细介绍了韦氏第四套儿童智力量表的结构、相关的理论支持、各个分测验的设计理念和作用、信度和效度等指标、如何解释该量表的测验结果以及其临床应用价值等。笔者希望该简介有抛砖引玉的作用,使同行可以以“他山之石”为用。     

Correlation of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Abstract

College freshman males whose fathers and mothers failed to complete educational undertakings more often discontinued their education than males whose parents had a converse educational history. Level of academic aptitude did not appear to be an influential factor in this relationship. Freshman females appeared to be similarly influenced by fathers, but this finding is not clearly unrelated to academic aptitude.     

A developmental index using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: implications for the diagnosis and nature of ADHD.

The possible utility of Wechsler's Deterioration Index (WDI) in analyzing children's Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) results was explored in this study. Clinical records of children with learning disabilities (LD) and children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were reviewed to determine if the WDI predicted the presence or severity of the disorders. The ages of the children ranged from 6 to 14. In two independent samples of children with LD (n = 35 and n = 26), the WDI did not predict LD status or severity. The LD samples were mostly male--85% and 57%, respectively. However, the WDI scores did significantly distinguish children with ADHD (n = 10) from nondisabled children (n = 10). The results were cross-validated on an independent sample of children with ADHD (n = 17) when compared to non-ADHD children (n = 22) who experienced significant behavioral difficulties. The ADHD samples were also mostly male--90% and 89%, respectively. The WDI classified only 59% of the children with ADHD and 86% of the non-ADHD children correctly. It is recommended that the WDI be considered a developmental index rather than a deterioration index in children. It is also recommended that significant WDI elevation (greater than .20) be considered to raise the question of ADHD, rather than simply yielding a diagnosis of ADHD.     

The relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1985) are commonly used in the identification of children for special educational services. However, there is little evidence about the relationship between these two tests among children with handicapping conditions. This study examined the relationship between the WISC-III IQs and K-TEA standard scores in a sample of 72 children with emotional handicaps. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between scores on these instruments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

韦氏儿童智力测验与认知评估系统对轻度智力障碍儿童测试的比较分析

为探讨韦氏儿童智力测验与CAS认知评估系统之间的关系,对37名轻度智力障碍儿童进行韦氏儿童智力测验和CAS测试.结果显示:轻度智障儿童韦氏儿童智力测验的总分与CAS全量表分极其接近,二者无显著差异;CAS全量表分与韦氏儿童智力测验总分、言语智商、操作智商呈显著相关;在CAS测量的四个认知过程中,注意和计划是轻度智障儿童的最薄弱环节;多元回归分析显示,CAS全量表分对学习成绩有显著预测作用.结论:CAS认知评估系统能客观地反映轻度智力障碍儿童的智力水平和特点,为智力研究提供了一个新的视角.     

智障学生的中国韦氏智力量表结果分析与教育对策

采用中国韦氏智力量表对136名智障学生进行测试,结果显示智障学生言语智商和操作智商发展的平衡性与智力缺陷程度有关;不同程度智力缺陷学生其智力各方面能力的发展趋势基本相似,以解决数学问题的能力、抽象概括能力及对外界知识摄取的能力相对更差;注意和记忆能力是智障学生最突出的薄弱点,且与年龄呈显著的正相关。分析智障学生的智力特征并提出有针对性的教育对策以促进智障学生的发展。     

The concurrent validity of the Cognitive Levels Test with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised for a sample of referred children and youth

The present investigation compared the Cognitive Levels Test (CLT) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) scores for 55 children who were referred for remedial educational services. A comparison of the correlations for each of the criterion measures from the WISC-R showed a consistent significant positive relationship with the CLT. A repeated measures analysis of variance that compared standard scores for the CLT with those of the WISC-R indicated that significant differences existed between WISC-R IQs and the CLT Cognitive Index. Implications concerning the validity of the Cognitive Levels Test are discussed.     

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: Difficulty order of subtest questions

Theoretically and pragmatically the subtest questions of the Wechsler Pre-school and Primary Scale of Intelligence are assumed to be ordered from least to most difficult. The purpose of this study was to test whether or not the order was appropriate for a sample other than that used for standardization. Data consisted of test records of 89 females and 62 males tested at a private school over four years. Mean Full Scale IQ of the sample was 118. Calculation of proportion of the sample passing each item and Guttman Reproducibility Coefficients for each subtest suggested changes in the order of questions of the Vocabulary, Picture Completion, Similarities, and Comprehension Subtests. However, though questions were misordered for the present sample as a result of presenting them in the order prescribed in the test manual, the misordering was not great enough to seriously affect subtest scores or the interpretation of intratest scatter.     

韦克斯勒智力心理思想三部曲

戴维·韦克斯勒是美国当代著名心理学家。本文从三方面评介韦克斯勒智力心理思想。⑴智力定义。韦克斯勒的智力定义,不仅整合了前期的各家之言,而且为后续研究创建了新的平台。⑵智力量表。韦克斯勒智力量表包括幼儿、儿童和成人3个量表。每个量表得出3个智商。⑶智力分数。韦克斯勒提出的离差智商,是迄今为止最为理想的智力分数形式。     

Emotional and behavioral characteristics over a six-year period in youths with persistent and nonpersistent dyscalculia

The authors examined behavior problems in a matched sample of 58 youths with persistent dyscalculia (PD) and nonpersistent dyscalculia (NPD). Participants were classified as having dyscalculia at age 10-11 years. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist for their children at ages 10-11, 13-14, and 16-17 years, while the youths did so at the last two age periods. Only at age 16-17 years were there significantly more problems, particularly attention problems and externalizing problems, reported by parents for PD youths compared to NPD youths. A higher percentage in the PD group than in the NPD group received scores in the clinical range for externalizing problems. However, the mean levels of behavior problems at this age and the earlier ages were within the normal range for both groups. For youth-reported problems, the only significant difference was for attention problems at 16-17 years. Therapeutic interventions should focus on the academic domain and improving and altering behavioral patterns.     

Demographic characteristics and mean profiles of Learning Disability Index subsets of the standardization sample of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised

The Learning Disability Index (LDI) was validated by an examination of the mean profiles and demographic characteristics of high and low LDI subsets of the standardization sample of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. The LDI continuum, however, was found to measure Third Factor strengths/weaknesses as much as verbal-performance discrepancies.     

韦氏智力测验的性能分析

智力测验,又称一般能力测验或普通能力测验。自从1905年由法国医生比奈(A·Binet)和西蒙(T·Simon)编制成最早的智力测验工具——《比奈—西蒙智力测验量表》以来,经多次修订,特别是经美国心理学家推孟(L·M·Terman)等修订后,更     

Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised,Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test,and Peabody Individual Achievement Test in a psychiatric sample

This study analyzed the factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT) in a psychiatric sample that ranged in age from 6 to 16 years (mean age = 11.1 years; SD = 3.0). The resultant factor structure of this sample was compared with patterns reported on normal and learning-disabled children. The subjects were 329 children under inpatient and outpatient care who had been referred for emotional disturbances. The results were similar to previous factor analytic studies of the WISC-R and PIAT, showing four factors: Verbal Comprehension, Verbal Achievement, Perceptual Organization, and Number Facility. The implications for the interpretation of these tests in a psychiatric sample and the appropriateness of a maximum likelihood technique in analysis of psychometric data are discussed.     

The presence of Matthew effects in Dutch primary education, development of language skills over a six-year period

Using a nationally representative sample of 5,150 Dutch students who have been followed over a 6-year period, the presence of the Matthew effect was investigated for general language skills. The analyses do not reveal unmistakable evidence for the supposition that the rich get richer and the poor poorer. On the contrary, in schools with low starting levels students make more progress than in schools with higher starting levels. On the other hand, the analyses do show a widening gap between students with well educated and poorly educated parents. The gap between delayed and accelerated students was found to increase as well, but the initial disadvantage of boys was found to disappear.     

The comparability of the Test of Cognitive Skills with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and the Stanford-Binet: Fourth edition with gifted children

The comparability of the Test of Cognitive Skills (TCS) with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (SBIV) with 75 elementary- and middle-school-aged gifted students was investigated. Results indicated that the mean Cognitive Skills Index was about 6 points higher than the WISC-R FSIQ and about 9 points higher than the SBIV Composite score. Correlation coefficients between the TCS Cognitive Skills Index and the SBIV Composite score and the WISC-R FSIQ were.51 and.41, respectively. Absolute differences between individual scores revealed that 44% of the students' SBIV Composite scores were more than 10 points different than their Cognitive Skills Index, and 28% of the students' WISC-R FSIQ scores were more than 10 points different. The results indicated limited comparability between the TCS and WISC-R and SBIV. The implications of these findings and future research questions are discussed.     

The role of sex differences in the referral process as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) are two tests that are often used in the assessment process for special education referrals. Sex differences apparent in these tests were examined in a sample of Arkansas school children who were first-time referrals for a psychological evaluation. The subjects' PPVT-R standard scores, WISC-R IQ scores, and WISC-R subtest scores were divided into groups according to one-year intervals from ages 6 through 16. A separate 2 × 11 (subjects' sex x subjects' age) analysis of variance was performed for each dependent variable. Results indicated significant sex differences among WISC-R Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQs and PPVT-R standard scores (p < .01). Several WISC-R subtests also revealed significant sex differences. Further significant sex differences were indicated at several age groups on each dependent variable, with males consistently scoring higher than females on 87%. of the dependent measures excluding the WISC-R subtest Coding, on which females scored higher. Implications concerning the referral process are discussed.