未成年人校园暴力犯罪的刑法规制探析

近年来,未成年人校园暴力犯罪呈低龄化趋势。从刑法基础理论出发,总结当前未成年人校园暴力犯罪的特征,阐述规制未成年人校园暴力犯罪的理论基础,剖析未成年人校园暴力犯罪刑法规制的缺陷与不足,提出增加规制校园暴力犯罪的专门立法和司法解释;优化对未成年人校园暴力犯罪案件的司法适用等建议,预防和矫正未成年人校园暴力犯罪,充分发挥刑法“惩治犯罪”与“保障人权”的作用。     

浅析青少年违法犯罪的原因及对策

青少年违法犯罪问题已经成为社会关注程度最高的问题之一.青少年违法犯罪的现状和特点决定了青少年犯罪的原因多种多样,错综复杂.结合有关知识对当前青少年违法犯罪的原因进行分析,并提出相应的措施,预防和减少青少年违法犯罪.     

不良文化对青少年违法犯罪的影响

在青少年违法犯罪的诸多原因中,文化无疑是直接或间接诱发青少年违法犯罪的重要根源。由此研究青少年犯罪问题时,应对现实社会中可能诱发青少年犯罪的不良文化引起高度的重视。从文化的视角对青少年犯罪进行了成因研究,论述了不良文化产生的根源及对于青少年犯罪的影响。     

青少年违法犯罪与社区环境及受教育程度的关系

青少年是国家的未来和希望,是社会人群中最活跃、最敏感的层面,他们的成长与社会的变迁、进步和发展息息相关。随着社会经济的发展和社会环境的重大变迁,青少年的成长与心理健康受到很大的影响。近年来,青少年违法犯罪低龄化和低学历化的现象较为突出。无论是家庭还是社会各界,都应引起高度重视,要结合我国的社会特点及相关理论,合理、客观、科学地剖析原因,提出有针对性的预防和教育措施,从源头上根除诱发青少年违法犯罪的不良病灶,为青少年的健康成长营造一个和谐、健康的环境。     

浅谈网络对青少年犯罪的影响及预防对策

网络对当代青少年来讲，既有正面影响，又有负面影响。其负面影响主要体现在强势文化，无政府主义倾向，对青少年心理意识和角色意识的影响，网络成为影响青少年犯罪一个不可忽视的因素。为了促进青少年健康成长，维护社会稳定，必须采取相应对策，即加强网络道德建设与构筑“三位一体”的教育网络，减少网络对青少年产生的负面影响。     

转变教育观念是预防和减少青少年犯罪的关键

近年来，青少年尤其是中小学生犯罪已成为一大社会问题，传统的教育观念已阻碍了青少年的全面发展，成为青少年犯罪的一大根源。中有转变教育观念，树立起正确的素质教育观，才能从根本上预防和减少青少年犯罪，促进青少年的健康成长。     

Barriers to domestic violence education in Northern Ireland: Pupils' views and experiences

Domestic violence (DV) in adult and young people's intimate partner relationships is a social and public health problem across the globe. Education can play an important and unique role in addressing DV; however, it remains relatively under-investigated. The aim of this qualitative study set in Northern Ireland, the first of its kind, was to explore young people's views and experiences of DV education. Focus groups were conducted with 188 pupils (97 males and 91 females) aged 16 to 18 attending post-primary school. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and reveal five barriers to DV education: (1) absence of DV teaching and learning; (2) DV is a taboo topic; (3) lack of teacher training and expertise on DV; (4) religious influence; (5) prioritisation of academic achievement over pupil wellbeing. The results demonstrate that changes are needed in schools to improve the role of schools in addressing DV. From this qualitative study, we make recommendations for how school-based DV education may help prevent and protect young people against intimate partner violence.     

未成年人犯罪的前兆分析及对策研究

在所有的犯罪中,最令人痛心的莫过于未成年人犯罪.最近几年,未成年人犯罪案件不仅呈现逐年上升的趋势,而且发生在大、中、小学生间的校园暴力犯罪案件,发生在家庭内部的弑亲案件,发生在社会上甚或邻里间的偶发性、冲突性恶性未成年人犯罪案件也在不断增加.因此,在学校、家庭及社会中对未成年人犯罪前的征兆予以探究和了解,可以帮助人们尽早发现未成年人犯罪前的一些反常之举,及时予以关注和预防,这也是迫切需要解决的一个严峻的社会问题.本文试图从未成年人犯罪前的征兆表现,学校、家庭、社会对此应采取何种对策来遏制未成年人犯罪的发生这两个方面予以分析、研究.     

美国对学习障碍与青少年犯罪关系研究综述

作者主要从以下几个方面对美国学习障碍与青少年犯罪关系方面的研究进行了总结和回顾(1)美国12年计划,(2)学习障碍与青少年犯罪的联系,(3)学习障碍与青少年犯罪关系的理论,(4)学习障碍与青少年犯罪的共因.     

The role of parental expectations in understanding social and academic well-being among children with disabilities in Ireland

This paper draws on longitudinal data to examine the extent to which parents’ educational expectations shape academic development and changes in self-concept among young people with different types of disability. The analysis is based on the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study, which tracked 7423 children between the primary to secondary school years, 21% of whom were identified with one of four main disability types. Our conceptual framework assumes that parental expectations at age 9 will be influenced by both the child’s disability and child’s academic achievement at that stage, as well as being influenced by other factors such as parent’s own education, family economic vulnerability, family relationships and family structure. Therefore, we take these factors into account in tracing the consequences of parental expectations at age 9, on academic and social outcomes at age 13 after the transition to secondary education. Among young people with a disability, poorer self-concept at age 13 is partly explained by lower parental expectations, particularly for those with general learning and emotional/behavioural disabilities. Similarly, parental expectations are a significant influence on children’s academic outcomes and partly explain the effects of disability status on academic development. Parents’ beliefs about their children’s abilities have a strong influence on achievement and self-concept, raising important issues around the need to promote equality of opportunity, raising awareness of the educational opportunities available, promoting positive expectations and engagement with school and the importance of promoting a range of opportunities for achievement.     

论我国家庭暴力的文化诱因与对策

家庭暴力是一个全球性的问题,无论是在发达国家还是在发展中国家,都不同程度地存在。在中国,频繁发生的家庭暴力现象值得关注和深入的研究。通过对中国人文化特性的分析,找出中国式家庭暴力的文化诱因,并就如何干预和制止家庭暴力提出了对策。     

Academic socialization,parental educational expectations,and academic self‐efficacy among Latino adolescents

This study examined the direct association between parental educational expectations and adolescents’ academic self‐efficacy, as well as the moderating influence of parental academic socialization messages. Participants were 148 Latino parent–adolescent dyads with the majority of Mexican origin (80.4%). Most of the parent participants were mothers (85.8%). Adolescents were 13 (46%) or 14 (54%) years of age, and 53% identified as female. Adolescents reported their academic self‐efficacy and perceptions of their parents’ educational expectations; parents reported on their academic socialization messages of shame/pressure and effort regarding academics. The results suggest that, after accounting for parents’ level of education and immigrant status, parental educational expectations were positively associated with adolescent academic self‐efficacy. This association was stronger among adolescents whose parents reported transmitting fewer messages of shame/pressure and academic effort. These results point to the importance of nuances in the content and type of academic socialization messages within Latino families.     

Trajectories of traumatic stress reactions in children exposed to intimate partner violence

BackgroundUnderstanding different longitudinal patterns of traumatic stress reactions in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) can promote early identification of at-risk children.ObjectiveOur study aims to explore trajectories of traumatic stress reactions following childhood IPV exposure, and their relation with parental traumatic stress and child emotional security in the interparental subsystem.Participants and SettingThe sample comprised 303 children (age 3–10, M = 6.20) from families referred to institutions for IPV. Data were collected at home.MethodsThree waves of parent-reported questionnaire data were analyzed using latent class growth analysis and linear regression.ResultsFive trajectories were identified: ‘resilient’, ‘moderate stable’, ‘struggling’, ‘improving’, and ‘elevated adjusting’. Only the ‘struggling’ trajectory had dysfunctional symptom levels at the final wave. Higher parental traumatic stress predicted ‘improving’ trajectory membership (β = 0.17, p = .033), whereas lower parental traumatic stress (β = −0.20, p = .003) and child emotional insecurity (β = −0.45, p = < .001) predicted ‘resilient’ trajectory membership. Higher child emotional insecurity predicted membership in trajectories with higher initial traumatic stress (improving: β = 0.26, p < .001; struggling: β = 0.31, p < .001; elevated adjusting: β = 0.27, p < .001). Child emotional security did not buffer the effect of parental traumatic stress on likelihood of dysfunctional trajectory membership (β = 0.04, p =.380).ConclusionsChildren exposed to IPV show different trajectories of traumatic stress reactions, partly corresponding to trajectories identified in other populations. Child emotional security and parental traumatic stress predict trajectory membership.     

浅论在我国建立未成年人犯罪记录消除制度的必要性

未成年人犯罪无论是在特点方面还是在成因方面都与成年人犯罪有着显著的区别,所以应当建立符合未成年犯罪人特点的各项司法制度,其中一个重要的制度即为未成年人犯罪记录消除制度。这不仅能够帮助未成年犯罪人走出其在服刑完毕后重回社会时所遇到的困境,也能够体现我国对未成年人权益保护的重视、顺应我国的刑事政策,更能够顺应青少年犯罪治理的世界发展潮流、符合青少年法治的精神,能够切实地保障未成年犯罪人受到公平对待的权利。     

Envisioning a meaningful future and academic engagement: The role of parenting practices and school‐based relationships

In contrast to the focus on short‐term, extrinsic goals in our society (e.g., wealth, prestige), positive youth development scholars have highlighted the need for parents and schools to help youths cultivate and plan for long‐term, intrinsic, and meaningful goals (i.e., envisioning a meaningful future), arguing that envisioning a meaningful future is potentially inspiring and associated with better outcomes for youths. Envisioning a meaningful future includes being future‐oriented and planful and having a sense of purpose, a life focus that provides deep meaning to life and contributes to the good of society. This study used structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect effects of parental and school relationships on envisioning a meaningful future and academic engagement in a diverse sample of adolescents (n = 624). Parental and school‐based relationships were positively associated with academic engagement, and this association was partially mediated by envisioning a meaningful future. Analyses revealed the importance of parental and school relationships in engaging youths in developing a vision for a meaningful future toward the goal of academic engagement. Variations between African‐Americans and Whites, and across grade and parental education levels are discussed.     

Relations of social‐emotional functioning and kindergarten academic achievement in children of immigrants

Nearly one in four students residing in the United States is from an immigrant family and these children's school readiness is related to their parent's nativity and other sociodemographic characteristics. Social‐emotional skills are an important conduit for academic development, yet these relations have not been explored for children from immigrant families. This study utilized the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011, a nationally representative sample of 13,400 students in the United States, to compare the social‐emotional development of kindergarten students from immigrant and nonimmigrant families, and to determine the relations of social‐emotional functioning to kindergarten achievement. Results indicate elevated social‐emotional functioning among children from immigrant families, particularly those who emigrated immigrated from Mexico, compared with children of U.S.‐born parents. Parent nativity predicted reading achievement, but not mathematics performance, even when controlling for sociodemographic factors and social‐emotional skills. This study suggests an immigrant advantage in early social‐emotional development. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Motivational and academic effects of cultural experiences for indigenous minority students in New Zealand

Children aged seven to 10 from the indigenous Maori minority group in New Zealand participated in a year-long cultural intervention designed to increase self-esteem and locus of control. The intervention incorporated good teaching practices linked to self-esteem and locus of control with principles of culturally relevant teaching. Compared to matched children who did not participate in the intervention, the focus children had significantly more positive self-esteem and locus of control after the intervention than before. Parallel changes were apparent in a measure of scholastic aptitude, but not on measures of reading, mathematics, and listening achievement. The results are discussed in terms of the importance and effectiveness of using theoretically informed teaching practices in a culturally relevant way in low income, mainstream school settings.     

控制理论:一种青少年犯罪的社会心理学诠释——以马加爵案为例

马加爵案再次使人们的目光聚焦在青少年犯罪问题上;控制理论历来是青少年犯罪形成理路研究的重要范式;笔者尝试从社会心理学视角建构青少年犯罪变量模型。     

Stressful life experiences of children: The correspondence between professional judgments of teachers‐in‐training and children's perceptions

The extant studies reveal a considerable mismatch between students' and teachers' perceptions of student stress. The present study compared the judgments of teachers‐in‐training (N = 109) with the responses of first‐ and sixth‐grade children (n = 56 and 93, respectively). The following questions are addressed: (a) Do teachers' judgments of the stressfulness of children's experiences correspond with those of the children themselves? (b) Do teachers' perceptions differ according to general developmental status (first grade level versus sixth grade level)? (c) Does the amount of teaching experience have a significant influence on ratings? Results revealed that teachers' judgments corresponded more closely with the children's ratings at the first grade level than at the sixth grade level. However, teachers' perceptions did differ according to grade level for the majority of life events. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the ratings of the experienced and inexperienced teachers at either grade level. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 807–821, 2007.