网球运动员反应判断与自信心的研究

网球技术动作的结果或运动成绩取决于若干因素--运动员对对方技术的感知、判断和运动员对自己动作的控制等环节,这些环节又直接与自信心和行为控制相关.研究专业网球运动员和业余网球运动员在这些环节中的反应时、反应准确度和信心程度.研究结果表明,专业网球运动员和业余网球运动员在反应时方面没有明显差异,但在反应准确度和信心程度上专业运动员显著高于业余运动员;左强势手运动员的反应时、反应准确度和信心程度略胜于右强势手运动员;反应时与反应准确度的相关关系大于反应时与信心程度的相关关系.     

蹦床运动

G838.1 9 20025932蹦床单个动作及成套动作技术环节分析[刊,中,I]/夏秀亭//沈阳体育学院学报.-2002(3).-22-23(XH)蹦床运动//技术//动作分析通过对蹦床单个动作和成套动作技术环节的分析,更加清除地认识了蹦床动作的技术特征,找出了影响成套动作稳定性的主要技术环节,对进一步提高成套动作的稳定性具有特别重要的意义。     

运动生物力学

G804.6 20010552肌肉的红、白肌纤维成分与人体基本运动能力、动作结构的生物力学特征关系的研究=Research onrelationship between Fast-twitch andSlow-twitch muscular fiber elements,baskphysical performance of human body andbiomechanical characteristics of movementstructure[刊,中,A]/曲峰,李良标,仰红慧//北京体育大学学报.-2000.-23(3).-342-344表7 参8(TY)肌纤维//肌肉//动作//运动能力//运动生物力学//快肌//慢肌运用实验的方法初步考察了肌肉的快、慢纤维对人体基本能力及动作结构的生物力学特征影响。在进行单个环节及全身最简单的运动时,快、慢肌纤维的影响主要表现在动作的力及速度方面。但在进行较复     

上肢鞭打动作技术原理的生物力学研究

鞭打动作是许多体育技术动作的重要组成部分 ,对鞭打动作技术的研究将对运动技术实践具有广泛而深入的指导意义。应用瑞典产 QUAL ISYS- MCU5 0 0红外远射测试系统 (6个镜头 )对羽毛球扣杀、排球扣球、标枪投掷、棒球投球动作过程进行测试。在一定简化的基础上建立了人体上肢 3环节 7自由度的环节链多刚体模型 ,应用多刚体动力学中的 Kane方法和红外远射测试系统所测运动学数据对上肢各环节运动的肌肉力矩进行计算 ,并应用隔离法计算上肢各环节在关节处的受力情况。通过对上肢鞭打动作技术进行运动学与动力学的综合分析 ,揭示了上肢在做鞭打动作时的空间运动规律与特征。     

肢体运动对学龄儿童EEG影响的实验研究

以小学4年级学龄儿童为研究对象,以同步反应脑电活动的脑电图(EEG)为主要测量与评价手段,分析肢体运动对EEG的影响,结果表明通过特定上肢肢体运动干预,引起EEG频率的降低和波幅的升高;左侧肢体运动比右侧肢体运动更能有效地提高对大脑的活化作用;不同肢体部位运动对大脑EEG影响的程度不同,上肢各环节运动对其影响程度的大小依次是指关节的复杂动作———指关节的屈伸运动———腕关节的屈伸运动。     

铅球运动中上肢力量运用的探讨

推铅球中必须正确运用上肢力量才能取得较满意的成绩。要想获得推铅球的专项力量，必须注意关节的运动形式和推铅球动作的要求相一致；前臂的运动形式必须与推铅球动作相一致；推铅球的用力顺序和力量的结合。鉴于上述3个方面，在运动训练及教学中，应选择和设计有效的练习手段、练习方法，来发展与推铅球动作相一致的上肢力量，才能提高推铅球的成绩。     

跳高助跑倒数第二步探索

<正> 一、前言无论是教学、训练和比赛,跳高运动员的技术普遍存在以下几个问题: (1)后段助跑有较明显的停顿或减速,使助跑和踏跳动作互相脱节; (2)踏跳时骨盆动作不能很好地绕着额状轴旋转,以致影响踏跳时改变运动方向; (3)摆动腿后蹬时不够迅速有力,摆动速度缓慢,从而影响踏跳的效果。要促进运动成绩的提高,在技术训练中必须加强助跑倒数第二步摆动脚的积极落地和有力后蹬的动作。这是关键。二、理论依据为什么要加强助跑倒数第二步摆动脚的积极落地和有力后蹬的动作呢?     

我国优秀女子铅球运动员背向滑步推铅球技术动作速度节奏的特征与模式研究

以我国国际健将级女子铅球运动员为研究对象，采用高速摄影及解析、生物力学分析等方法，对女子铅球运动员背向滑步推铅球技术动作相关运动环节的速度节奏与铅球出手初速度之间的关系进行了研究，并通过数学方法建立了模型，以探讨我国优秀女子铅球运动员正确运用背向滑步推铅球技术动作的规律及特征，从而为提高我国女子铅球运动水平提供理论参考。     

非投掷臂在铅球教学中的技术作用分析

铅球教学技术比较复杂，动作结构要求连贯稳定，各运动环节的协调衔接与组合要形成正确的运动链和力的传递途径，在实际教学中往往只重视了主要技术环节的教学，忽视了推铅球过程中非投掷臂动作技术的配合教学，从而影响整个技术动作的一致性及全身的协调用力，直接影响学生推铅球的成绩。文章试图从生物力学角度对其进行分析，以便完善学生推铅球整体技术动作，从而提高运动成绩。     

健美操技术教学中应注意的问题

快节奏，多变化，动作轨迹的增加，动作方向的非一致性，以及动作与运动之间的非同步运动是健美操技术教学的特点之一，要达到良好的教学效果必须从掌握规范的技术动作抓起，重视动作完成的质量，这就对教学提出了新的要求，我们就技术教学的几个环节进行了研究，并在课堂上大胆采用，效果较好，现提供给大家供参考。1讲解与示范密切配合一个动作易犯哪些错误，学生自己觉察不到，如果在讲解时，结合易犯错误，进行正误对比示范，可防止学生出现这样的错误，让学生少走弯路，起到事半功倍的作用。2．合理运用示范，提高示范动作的质量应注意…     

Components of attack response inhibition in fencing: Components of attack response inhibition in fencing

Applying the Go/No-Go paradigm to fencing, we investigated the relationship between the moment at which the No-Go signal appeared after a movement had been initiated and the time required by fencers to suppress the motor execution of a step-lunge. Secondarily, we determined a time threshold from which movement inhibition results in an error. The No-Go stimulus was represented by a real attack movement. 18 elite fencers and a fencing master were included in the study. Four force plates measured the horizontal components of the fencer's and master's reaction forces, which were used to calculate the time components of the attack and the response inhibition process. Also, the velocity and displacement of the master's and fencer's respective centres of mass were estimated using inverse dynamics. In all cases, cognitive inhibition processes were completed after the onset of movement. Movement time was calculated using four time components (muscle activation, muscle deactivation, transition and braking time). The results obtained revealed that cognitive processes were not significantly affected by the timing of the appearance of the No-Go signal. In contrast, movement time and its time components tended to decrease when the time delay between the No-Go stimulus and the onset of the fencer's movement increased. In conclusion, any attempt to withhold an attack movement when it has already started leads to an error that increases the risk of being hit by the opponent, especially when attack is inhibited within 150?ms after the movement has started.     

Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.     

Stimulus velocity effect in a complex interceptive task in right- and left-handers

Abstract

This study investigated stimulus velocity effect on manual asymmetry during planning and execution of a complex coincidence-anticipation task. Left- and right-handers were required to press six buttons sequentially in conjunction with visual stimulus provided by a coincidence-anticipation device. Results showed that (1) stimulus velocity affected timing response and timing accuracy only for right-handers, who responded faster but less accurately in the fast stimulus velocity, (2) manual asymmetries for both handedness groups revealed a left-hand advantage for initiating the movement, and a preferred-hand advantage for movement time. The preferred-hand advantage in timing accuracy was only observed in the fast stimulus velocity. These findings are discussed in the framework of the hemispheric functional lateralisation.     

Movement Duration,Fractionated Reaction Time,and Response Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming.     

学龄前儿童基本动作技能干预研究的Meta分析

目的:系统评价近十年内应用粗大动作发展测试(TGMD)的国内外学龄前儿童运动干预后的基本动作技能(FMS),包括位移技能(LMS)和物体控制技能(OC)。方法:通过Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网数据库检索2010年1月1日至2021年2月25日学龄前儿童基本动作技能干预的相关中英文文献,由2名作者对文献进行筛选、数据提取、质量评估,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析与敏感性分析,采用Stata13.0软件进行Meta回归分析与发表偏倚,共纳入15项研究,包括干预组893例、对照组687例。Meta分析结果显示:运动干预对提高学龄前儿童位移技能和物体控制技能均具有显著影响。亚组分析结果显示:运动干预周期为5~15周、干预频率为2~3次/周、干预时间为20~50 min,采用结构化运动课程的干预效果良好。Meta回归分析结果显示:运动干预总时间对学龄前儿童LMS具有负向影响且差异具有显著性,表明随运动干预总时间的增加,干预效果降低。结论:运动干预对于提高学龄前儿童基本动作技能具有显著作用。建议后续研究对运动干预进行合理的控制和评估,进一步探索有效运动干预的关键特征。     

Increased Response Latency for Complicated Movements and A “Memory Drum” Theory of Neuromotor Reaction

Abstract

The theory proposes a nonconscious mechanism that uses stored information (motor memory) to channel existing nervous impulses from brain waves and general afferent stimuli into the appropriate neuromotor coordination centers, subcenters, and efferent nerves, thus causing the desired movement. A consequent hypothesis requires that the simple reaction time will become longer when the response movement is required to be of greater complexity. Data obtained on college men and women, and 12- and 8-year-old boys, are in agreement with the hypothesis. Replacing a very simple finger movement with an arm movement of moderate complexity slows the reaction by about 20 percent; additional complexity produces a further slowing of 7 percent. The speed of the arm movement is considerably faster in college men than in younger boys or in college women. The correlation between reaction time and speed of movement averages approximately zero. Individual differences in ability to make a fast arm movement are about 70 percent specific to the particular movement being made; “general ability for arm speed” occurs only to the extent of 30 percent.     

艺术体操身体动作难度的发展方向

身体动作难度一直都作为艺术体操技术发展的一大突破口.难度是一套动作的主干,是决定成套动作技术价值评分高低的唯一因素.2003年版艺术体操国际评分规则最大突破点就在于,身体动作难度数量的迅速增加,动作类型增多和动作技术复杂化加大,并将其身体动作难度的难易与分值结合,实践再次说明了难度是当今竞技性艺术体操美的前提.     

优秀男子排球运动员交叉步技术的运动生物力学研究

目的：运用运动生物力学理论,分析优秀排球运动员的交叉步,研究其在各种横向移动速度下相关指标的变化特点,探寻移动速度的主要影响因素,为排球运动员科学训练提供参考.方法：运动QUALISYS红外反光捕捉系统,研究多名优秀排球运动员在横向移动过程中相关运动学指标的变化特点.主要研究结果：（1）摆动腿的准备时间和摆动速度为影响横向移动速度的主要因素.（2）摆动腿蹬地角度不为影响速度因素,但个体差异较大.（3）除空中移动时间外,摆动腿运动时间、支撑腿移动距离、躯干角加速度对移动速度无影响.因此应减小支撑腿蹬地角度缩短空中移动时间;躯干面对球网保持有利拦网位置.     

Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level

Abstract

Several researchers have demonstrated that an external focus of attention (about movement’s effects) during movement execution allowed better performances and learning of various motor tasks than an internal focus of attention (about movement itself). However, attentional focus effects have not been studied in tasks requiring explosive actions preceded by fast reaction time to a signal, such as a sprint start. We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Novice and expert sprinters performed sprint starts followed by a 10 m sprint under three conditions: external focus instructions; internal focus instructions; and neutral instructions. The reaction time and the running time were significantly shorter in the external focus condition than in the internal focus condition, for both expert and novice participants. These results confirm the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on the speed of movement execution. Moreover, they revealed that attentional focus influences movement preparation. Several hypotheses are proposed to account for these results, with reference to the processes that could be responsible for the observed effects.     

Effect of target change during the simple attack in fencing

Abstract

The aim of this study was to test the effect that changing targets during a simple long lunge attack in fencing exerts on the temporal parameters of the reaction response, the execution speed, and the precision and the coordination of the movement pattern. Thirty fencers with more than 10 years of experience participated in this study. Two force platforms were used to record the horizontal components of the reaction forces and thereby to determine the beginning of the movement. A three-dimensional (3D) system recorded the spatial positions of the 9 markers situated on the fencer plus the epee, while a moving target was projected on a screen, enabling the control of the target change. The results indicated that when a target change is provoked the reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and the time used in the acceleration phase of the centre of mass (CM) increases significantly with respect to the attack executed with a straight thrust. The speed and horizontal distance reached by the CM at the end of the acceleration phase (V_X(CM) and S_X(CM), respectively) significantly decreased, while the errors increased. However, the temporal sequence of the movement pattern did not appreciably change.