六大社交尴尬状况

目标：提高英语阅读和听力水平。想一想：你最近遇到尴尬的事了吗,是什么？你在工作中会遇到哪些尴尬的场景？在街上或其他公共场合呢？考试：本文有助于你备考FCE、IELTS和TOEFL等。     

The effects of varying the interreinforcement interval on appetitive contextual conditioning

Appetitive contextual conditioning in rats and ringdoves was investigated in six experiments. In Experiment 1, differential contextual training produced greater anticipatory activity in rats in the presence of a context paired with food than it did in rats in the presence of a different context in which food was never presented. Furthermore, the rats showed a preference for the context associated with food when they were given a simultaneous choice test between contexts. In Experiment 2, rats were more active in and preferred a context associated with a variable-time 30-sec (VT30) schedule as opposed to a VT180 schedule. Experiment 3 was a between-subjects replication of the previous experiment. As expected, rats exhibited significantly more anticipatory activity in a context in which food had been presented on a VT30 schedule than they did in a context in which food had been presented on a VT180 schedule. Experiment 4 showed that anticipatory activity was a reflection of context-US associations in ringdoves, and in Experiments 5 and 6, ringdoves also exhibited an inverse relationship between the. amount of anticipatory activity and the length of the interreinforcement interval (IRI). These results reveal a relation between ERI and contextual conditioning opposite from that obtained in studies of aversive conditioning.     

陈毅元帅战争诗词简论

陈毅元帅的战争诗词是20世纪生动形象的革命战争史，又是壮美深沉的民族精英心灵史：在审美上既重风骨，又富意境；在形式上古近体并重，且创作颇丰。陈毅其人品性高洁，风骨凛然，其诗亦然，是20世纪传统诗词当之无愧的大家。     

观众:作为电影叙事体中的不同角色

电影作为一种具有诱导性与强制性的叙事本,实质上左右了观众对影片意义的理解方式,同时为影片的全部意义提供一个潜在的认知结构。在这个结构中,对观众接受、体验方式的角色定位是电影制作极为重要的环节。电影观众便成为一个由电影的制作、观看与观看情境共同建构的电影叙事体系中的角色,一个我们可以潜入其中“窥视”影片内容的“假想替身”。不论是作为“窥视”、“先知”还是“认同”,观众都已经成为电影叙事本中的一部分,观众都被建构为叙事的主体并与影片的作共同“生产”影片的意义。     

The Western Primary School 'Quiet Room' Project

There has been a great deal of interest recently in the development of more 'nurturing' environments in mainstream primary schools. This interest has been reflected in a series of articles published in the pages of this journal. In this paper, Angus King, headteacher of Western Primary School, a performance management consultant, a threshold assessor and a teacher trainer, with Zara Chantler, Key Stage 1 leader and SENCo at Western, describe the Western 'Quiet Room' project, set up in 1999 as a response to the needs of pupils experiencing social, emotional and behavioural problems. The Quiet Room was designed to provide a nurturing environment in a dedicated space away from the classroom. In this way, argue King and Chantler, a child's emotional needs can be explored, on a one–to–one basis where appropriate, in a safe and supportive setting. The results to date are positive and there is real potential for the scheme to be extended.     

The impact of curriculum change on health sciences first year students’ approaches to learning

This study aimed to use a learning inventory (the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students, ASSIST) to measure the impact of a curriculum change on students’ approaches to learning in two large courses in a health sciences first year programme. The two new Human Body Systems (HUBS) courses were designed to encourage students to take a deep approach to learning. ASSIST was completed by 599 students enrolled in a biology class in 2006 that was part of the old curriculum, and by 705 students at the beginning and end of the new HUBS courses in 2007. Changes in students’ approaches to learning over time were examined. The ASSIST scores for both HUBS courses reflected the dominance of a surface approach, followed by a strategic and then a deep approach. However, by the end of the year, students were taking a deep and strategic approach to their studies to a greater extent, and a surface approach to a lesser extent. Moreover, students enrolled in the new course adopted a deep approach to their studies to a significantly greater degree than those studying the old curriculum. Despite the predominance of a surface approach, the results suggest that it is possible to bring about small but significant positive changes in students’ learning behaviour in a very large class through curriculum change. The proportion of students preferring a surface approach, and results showing that high performance on the final exam was significantly correlated with a surface approach, probably reflected contextual factors, including assessment, and is the focus of ongoing curriculum development.     

诠释学视野下的比较诗学

诠释学作为一门指导文本理解和解释的学科，在以前类似于修辞学、语法学、逻辑学，从属于语文学。到了20世纪，诠释学由一种理解和解释的方法论发展成为一种哲学理论。诠释学的哲学转向与世界意义的多元化转向并行。随着古典诠释学向现代哲学诠释学的转换，诠释学不再仅是对经典文本的诠释而具有多元化的意义，从而为自己找到广阔的诠释空间，因此在诠释学的视野下比较诗学也具有更加开放的被诠释可能。以诠释学为背景，进一步探讨比较诗学在学理意义上的可能性和可行性，便会发现：比较诗学之“比较”不是工具论意义上的一种手段而是存在论意义上的一种思维方式，从而为比较诗学学科研究提供一个新的视角。     

读诗论札记

诗歌是语言的艺术,更是文字的艺术。本文从"诗"字构成之义谈及:诗者,言也;诗者,寺也;诗者,持也;诗者,思也;诗者,私也。以及与"诗"音的"狮、师、蓍、施、尸"等字相关意义,以便更深刻地理解"诗"的原本之意。     

《金瓶梅》书成麻城

《金瓶梅》是明代第一奇书,然而,对其作者至今众说纷纭。而“金学”界热疑的作者大都寓居过麻城,且与《金瓶梅》最早收藏者刘承禧有着密切的关系。《金瓶梅》里大量麻城方言的采用,体现出鲜明的地方特色,进一步说明作者是以麻城市井生活为模本进行艺术创作的。     

杰姆逊不是后现代主义者--略论杰姆逊的基本学术立场

杰姆逊是当代美国名的马克思主义理论家、艺理论和美学家,在国际上和中国都有较大影响。长期以来,中国学术界不少人都把杰姆逊看成后现代主义的布道。本不同意这个看法,通过对杰姆逊在上世纪80年代、90年代初、21世纪初三个时期的代表性论全面分析,得出杰姆逊从来不是一个“张扬”后现代主义理论的后现代主义“布道”,而是始终对后现代主义抱有清醒、冷静、客观的批判态度的西方马克思主义的结论。     

瞄准定位 变中求新——从《小学教学设计》的持续发展看教学类期刊的编辑创新

近年来以教师为读者对象的教学类期刊订数普遍滑坡,而<小学教学设计>2008年的邮局订数却再次跃上新高,成为同类刊物的佼佼者.<小学教学设计>之所以取得这样的成绩,主要在于有明确的编辑思想,面对变化的期刊市场,面对动态中的小学教学改革,能始终瞄准定位,以变应变,变中出新,以新取胜.     

“破”与“立”的抉择——从后殖民视角看《北迁季节》中的身份寻求

《北迁季节》被视为当代阿拉伯文学作品的"一朵奇葩",萨利赫向读者展示了一幅充满时空变幻的迁徙之图,文中的人物身份也呈现了有"破"有"立"的动态特点。该篇试图分析小说中人物所体现的三种类型的身份寻求:抵制性的"立",模仿性的由"破"到"立",以及策略性的由"立"到"破"。文化身份不是固定封闭的,而是一个历史的动态的过程,正是"破"和"立"之间的互动式协商才为夹缝中的人物创造了"间质空间"的身份意义。     

Exploring the use of learner-focused teaching approaches in different academic disciplines

Teaching practitioners in all education sectors commonly face expectations to engage in ‘learner-focused’ teaching, although the term is defined and interpreted in a myriad of ways. In higher education, some studies have examined links between learner-focused teaching and academic disciplines. This article reports on a study which investigates the ways in which practitioners in different discipline areas conceive of, and report, different approaches to teaching. For 344 lecturers in a polytechnic in Singapore, data from the Approaches to Teaching Inventory indicated that these lecturers, as a group, reported paying more attention to teacher-focused approaches to teaching. Further, lecturers teaching a subject in a ‘hard’ discipline were more likely to report a teacher-focused approach to teaching for that subject. Conversely, those lecturers teaching a subject in a ‘soft’ discipline were more likely to report a learner-focused approach. The implications of this for staff development will be discussed.     

Crisis intervention teams in the schools

When a crisis occurs in the school setting, school officials must be prepared to handle the situation effectively and efficiently. One of the ways school officials can handle a crisis situation is through the use of crisis intervention teams. The steps in establishing a crisis intervention team in a school setting include: determining goals, performing a needs assessment, finding model programs, developing a membership pool, developing a training program, preparing and maintaining a list of resources and plans for support services, establishing a communication network, designating a base of operations, planning team meetings, keeping records, and implementing the phases of debriefing. A crisis management scenario is presented and discussed in terms of the steps.     

敦煌唐五代旷野鬼夜叉图像小议

敦煌地区的莫高窟和榆林窟盛唐至五代洞窟壁画,以及藏经洞出土绢画、版画、纸本画中,出现一些携抱童子的男性图像。通过比较犍陀罗、龟兹相关图像,认为这种特异图像为旷野鬼夜叉。继而检阅有关佛教文献,得知原本啖食童子的旷野鬼夜叉,被释迦佛降伏后皈依佛教。敦煌地区的旷野鬼夜叉图像表明,在当地夜叉已转变成庇护童子的善神。敦煌旷野鬼夜叉图像是在西域龟兹、于阗等地佛教文化影响下产生的,在敦煌发展过程中又形成鲜明的地域特征。     

特定时代女性的失落与憧憬——张爱玲小说《小艾》中的女性形象

张爱玲的中篇小说《小艾》以女性言说的文学立场叙述了一个新旧交替时代的故事,作家以悲悯的心态描写了不同女性迥异的人生经历,从女性的角度探讨和追求特定时代作为人的女性的意义和价值。     

关于政府投资项目风险的研究

对政府投资项目风险研究,在理论上可弥补我国对政府投资项目研究的薄弱环节,在实践上防范政府投资项目风险,减少政府投资项目损失。在文献的基础上,根据政府投资项目特有的特点,采用案例研究方法,详细分析政府投资项目的决策风险、技术风险、环境风险、质量风险、债务风险、效益风险和政治风险。管理政府投资项目风险重点在于加强干部教育和完善监督制度。     

高校思想政治工作的"十字经"

国际国内形势的发展与变化，使当代大学生的思想受到不同程度的影响。这就给高校思想政治教育工作带来了难度，也提出了新的挑战。因此，教育工作要运用已有的经验与科学的方法做好思想政治工作。其中，转变观念是先导，精选内容是核心，真诚态度是前提，摸准脉搏是突破口，情感教育是基础，以理服人是原则，开展活动是载体，以美育人是艺术，机制与手段创新是关键，注意实效是结果。只有这样，思想政治教育才能达到预期的目的。     

Classroom stories of multicultural teaching and learning

This is the second of three papers based on a 20-month study of teaching and learning in a diverse classroom in a downtown community school in Toronto, Canada. The purpose of the research was to describe the details of teaching and learning in a multicultural classroom and to document successful strategies in working with immigrant and minority students. The three papers detail the process by which this focus on classroom life led to a critique of the literature and to a new way to think about multicultural teaching and learning, which I call 'narrative multiculturalism'. In this paper, I provide a sampling of stories that illustrate what contributed to my changing thinking about multiculturalism. Four short stories focus on a participant teacher in her school, in her classroom and in interaction with her students. The stories illuminate the complexity of multicultural teaching and qualities of narrative multiculturalism. In the analysis of the stories I explore multicultural understandings that developed from the experience of being in the classroom, being in relationship with a teacher participant, and our on-going dialogue.