不同项目女子优秀运动员身体成份的实验研究

通过对赛艇、短跑及艺术体操女子优秀运动员身体成份的实验研究,结果表明:不同项目运动员体液指数与遗传及运动训练有关,体液指数可作为评价运动效果和运动选材的参考指标;艺术体操运动员肌肉含量及蛋白质含量相对较小,但无机质含量及体脂比率较高。     

不同运动专项男大学生身体成分的研究

采用文献资料法、测试法和数理统计法,对哈尔滨体育学院运动训练专业7个不同专项的男大学生运动员身体成分进行测试,比较分析不同专项大学生运动员的身体成分特点及差异。结果显示：体液成分中体液指数中长跑专项最高,游泳最低,细胞内液指数健美操最高,中长跑最低,细胞外液指数则正好相反;非体液成分中脂肪含量以游泳专项最高,中长跑最低,而瘦体重、肌肉、蛋白质、无机物含量以中长跑专项最高,游泳最低。得出不同专项大学生运动员身体成分存在差异,这种差异主要与专项技术特征、训练内容以及运动员身体机能代谢对长期系统专项训练的适应性有关。     

优秀女子健身运动员体成分及其分布特征

利用先进“Biospace”身体成份分析仪 ,通过对优秀女子健身运动员体成分特征其分布特征的研究 ,发现 :优秀女子健身运动员体脂及比率、体脂 /体重比值、肥胖度、腹部脂肪比率、总体液及比率、躯干体液及比率与正常人无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;蛋白质及比率、瘦体重及比率、无脂体重及比率、无机质含量及比率均高于正常人 ,且具有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;细胞内液、细胞内液 /外液比值均高于正常人 ,具有显著性差异 (P<0 0 5 )。细胞外液及比率低于正常人 ,具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )     

大众艺术健身操对女子体成份影响的实验研究

利用"Bios pace"身体成份分析仪,对大众健身操女子体成份特征及其分布特征进行研究.结果发现体脂及体脂比率、总体液及比率、躯干体液及比率、细胞内液、细胞内液/细胞外液比值和上臂肌肉周长及上臂周长均无显著性,较高于普通人;细胞外液和上臂周差无显著性差异,较低于普通人;腹部脂肪比率及肥胖度、蛋白质含量及比率、肢体体液及比率、无机质含量具有显著性差异,高于普通人水平;去脂体重及体重比率具有非常显著性差异.     

对我国普通高校开展赛艇运动的现状调查

运用问卷调查、专家访谈和数理统计等研究方法,对我国普通高校赛艇运动的项目分布、组织管理、教练员、运动员、训练、学习和比赛的现状进行了深入调查.结果表明:我国高校赛艇运动队主要分布在经济发达省份的国家重点大学;管理主要以校方主导,体育部与运动员所在院系并行直接管理的二级管理模式;教练员主要来自于退役运动员;运动员的选拔主要通过体育特长生、校内选拔和与体校联合等方式;赛艇运动员的文化学习管理推行"体教结合"培养模式,目前其就业形势良好;我国高校赛艇队的比赛机会较少,比赛市场尚未形成.     

青少年赛艇运动员CKMM基因(A/G)多态性分布特征研究

目的对上海市青少年赛艇运动员CKMM基因(A/G)多态性分布特点以及该基因不同基因型与有氧训练的敏感性进行了相关研究,探寻CKMM基因(A/G)多态性与有氧耐力训练敏感性的关联关系,为不同项目当中的优秀耐力运动员的早期选材工作提供更加有力的理论依据。方法研究通过对上海市青少年赛艇运动员作为实验组,并选取上海市优秀赛艇运动员以及上海市汉族人群作为对照组,通过与青少年赛艇运动员进行多态性分布的比较,确定具有良好有氧耐力训练敏感性的CKMM基因多态位点标记。结果 CKMM基因经过基因杂交显色法之后得到3种基因型:A/A型、A/G型和G/G型。在青少年赛艇运动员、上海市汉族人群以及优秀赛艇运动员的三种基因型分布分别是:A/A型为71.6%、69.2%、54.6%;A/G型为:24.3%、22%、30.9%:G/G型为4%、8.8%、14.4%。结论 (1)上海市青少年赛艇运动员与上海市优秀赛艇运动员CKMM基因(A/G)多态性分布具有显著性差异(P<0.05),提示不同基因型运动员对运动训练的敏感性可能不同。(2)上海市青少年赛艇运动员与上海市汉族人群的CKMM基因(A/G)多态性分布相比没有显著性差异,初步判断青少年赛艇运动员CKMM基因(A/G)多态性分布没有群体性特征。     

瑞士Hans Howald教授来华讲学

肌肉取样部位对于跑步、短跑、越野滑雪、骑自行车及划船等项运动员——取股四头肌外侧肌;跑步运动员——取腓肠肌;游泳、划船、赛艇等运动——三角肌;体操或其它上肢运动——肱三头肌.     

现代短跑运动员肌肉工作特点的研究

通过对不同训练水平短跑运动员相关肌群变化规律的探索,揭示现代短跑运动肌肉工作特点及内在联系,为今后短跑运动教学与训练提供参考和咨询。     

高原地区不同项目男子大学生运动员体液分布的特征研究

利用Inbody3．0体成份分析仪,对高原地区篮球、足球、标枪项目的33名男子大学生运动员体液及其分布特征进行比较研究,结果发现：不同项目运动员细胞体液及肢体体液存在项目差异。运动实践中可根据不同个体的体液分布特征间接推测肌纤维组成的相对比例关系,可作为运动选材及对运动效果评定的参考指标。     

男子赛艇运动员冬训期间血清酶活性及心电图的变化

结合武汉体育学院男子赛艇实际冬训过程,比较优秀运动员与普通运动员不同强度训练周后血清酶CK、CK-MB、LDH、LDH1水平与心电图∑T/R值的变化,探讨系统赛艇训练对运动员机能能力及心脏功能的影响.     

不同专项运动员递增负荷运动中氧通气当量和最佳呼吸效率点的观察

测定了篮球、中长跑、短跑、武术套路运动员在递增负荷运动中氧通气当量的变化曲线,并确定了最佳呼吸效率点.结果发现,不同专项运动员的氧通气当量有相似的变化规律,随着运动强度的增加,运动时间的延长,氧通气当量先略下降,在运动负荷达到150W时降低到一个最低值即最佳呼吸效率点,然后逐渐上升.结果提示,氧通气当量和最佳呼吸效率点可作为无氧阈深入研究的一种辅助手段,最佳呼吸效率点时的强度亦可作为有氧训练的界限强度.     

对田径、赛艇运动员下肢等负荷多组力量训练强度的研究

对43名2级以上运动员进行了50％／Fmax负重，20次／组，组间歇1min，共5组力量耐力测试。采集并测定安静和每组运动员练习后即刻的心率和血乳酸，测定了每一位受试对象每一次深蹲的蹲起速度。所有测试对象对该练习强度均产生较大的生理反应，血乳酸和心率在第2组练习后出现快速上升，蹲起速度则均表现出不同程度的下降趋势。不同专项运动员对等负荷多组力量耐力训练具有不同的反应，田径跳跃运动员对测试的强度表现出高的生理反应，心率和乳酸水平均达到或接近最大负荷极限，赛艇运动员介于中长跑和跳跃运动员之间，中长跑运动员的反应较低，心率一直保持在140次／min以下，血乳酸值在7mmol／L以下，并显示出典型的血乳酸“平衡状态”。     

Distribution of the AMPD1 C34T polymorphism in Polish power-oriented athletes

The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of the AMPD1 genotype among groups of high-level Polish power-oriented athletes, and to investigate potential associations between genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of the AMPD1 gene and power-oriented athlete status. Altogether, 158 male Polish power-oriented athletes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The genetic control group comprised 160 unrelated male volunteers. We observed significant differences in genotype distribution when all 158 athletes (89.25% CC, 10.75% CT, 0.00% TT; P = 0.0025) were compared with controls (75.00% CC, 23.75% CT, 1.25% TT). A significant deficiency of the T allele was noted in all subgroups (short-distance runners: 5.21%, P = 0.032; short-distance swimmers: 5.56%, P = 0.031; weightlifters: 5.36%, P = 0.024) compared with controls (13.13%), while this trend was even stronger when the frequency of the T allele was compared between controls and all 158 athletes (5.38%, P = 0.0007). Our results indicate a lower frequency of the AMPD1 exon 2 T34 allele in elite Polish power-oriented athletes. Our data suggest that the C allele may help athletes to attain elite status in power-oriented sports.     

世界优秀男子100m跑运动员的比赛节奏分析

牙买加短跑名将博尔特在德国柏林田径世锦赛上以9．58S的成绩刷新了北京奥运会上他自己保持的9．69s的世界纪录,将成绩提高了0．11s,其合理的比赛节奏是创造这一惊人成绩的主要因素之一。本文利用文献资料法、比较分析法等,从博尔特、鲍威尔等众多优秀短跑运动员的比赛节奏分配特征以及博尔特的成长经历等方面进行了分析,旨在探讨100m跑的合理节奏分配以及博尔特的成功奥秘。以期为我国短跑运动员的训练提供科学的参考。     

运动员身体成份与运动能力

身体成份是一项了解人体体质健康常见指标,无论是普通人群还是专业运动员都需要把身体成份控制在一定的适宜范围一本文将着重于运动员的角度,从身体成份基本定义、身体成份与运动能力、身体成份与运动成绩、理想身体成份的确立、不同项目优秀运动员身体成份特点等;方面对近年来的研究进行全面的综述,以期为运动员选才,提高运动训练水平及指导不同的运动训练项目提供一定的参考。     

A faster running speed is associated with a greater body weight loss in 100-km ultra-marathoners

In 219 recreational male runners, we investigated changes in body mass, total body water, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na(+)]), and urine specific gravity as well as fluid intake during a 100-km ultra-marathon. The athletes lost 1.9 kg (s = 1.4) of body mass, equal to 2.5% (s = 1.8) of body mass (P < 0.001), 0.7 kg (s = 1.0) of predicted skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.001), 0.2 kg (s = 1.3) of predicted fat mass (P < 0.05), and 0.9 L (s = 1.6) of predicted total body water (P < 0.001). Haematocrit decreased (P < 0.001), urine specific gravity (P < 0.001), plasma volume (P < 0.05), and plasma [Na(+)] (P < 0.05) all increased. Change in body mass was related to running speed (r = -0.16, P < 0.05), change in plasma volume was associated with change in plasma [Na(+)] (r = -0.28, P < 0.0001), and change in body mass was related to both change in plasma [Na(+)] (r = -0.36) and change in plasma volume (r = 0.31) (P < 0.0001). The athletes consumed 0.65 L (s = 0.27) fluid per hour. Fluid intake was related to both running speed (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001) and change in body mass (r = 0.23, P = 0.0006), but not post-race plasma [Na(+)] or change in plasma [Na(+)] (P > 0.05). In conclusion, faster runners lost more body mass, runners lost more body mass when they drank less fluid, and faster runners drank more fluid than slower runners.     

Risk factors for overuse injuries in short- and long-distance running: A systematic review

Purpose:The aim of this study was to review information about risk factors for lower extremity running injuries in both short-distance(mean running distance-20 km/week and-10 km/session)and long-distance runners(mean running distance>20 km/week and>10 km/session).Methods:Electronic databases were searched for articles published up to February 2019.Prospective cohort studies using multivariable analysis for the assessment of individual risk factors or risk models for the occurrence of lower extremity running injuries were included.Two reviewers independently selected studies for eligibility and assessed risk of bias with the Quality in Prognostic Studies Tool.The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence.Results:A total of 29 studies were included:17 studies focused on short-distance runners,11 studies focused on long-distance runners,and 1 study focused on both types of runners.A previous running-related injury was the strongest risk factor for an injury for long-distance runners,with moderate-quality evidence.Previous injuries not attributed to running was the strongest risk factor for an injury for short-distance runners,with high-quality evidence.Higher body mass index,higher age,sex(male),having no previous running experience,and lower running volume were strong risk factors,with moderate quality evidence,for short-distance runners.Low-quality evidence was found for all risk models as predictors of runningrelated injuries among short-and long-distance runners.Conclusion:Several risk factors for lower extremity injuries have been identified among short-and long-distance runners,but the quality of evidence for these risk factors for running-related injuries is limited.Running injuries seem to have a multifactorial origin both in short-and long-distance runners.     

中国优秀柔道运动员某些生理生化指标的研究

以117名优秀柔道运动员为研究对象,通过身体成分、有氧代谢能力、无氧代谢能力及血液指标等对我国优秀柔道运动员的竞技能力进行分析,结果表明,身体成分及形态学和血液生化指标与普通组运动员相比并无显著性差异,优秀运动员基础代谢率降低,出现机能节省化现象,呼吸、循环系统功能改善,能更好的适应大强度、大运动量的训练;女子优秀组运动员肢体肌肉的爆发力和速度耐力都优于普通组运动员。     

Insulin sensitivity derived from oral glucose tolerance testing in athletes: disagreement between available indices

The aims of the present study were to determine whether available "fasting" and oral glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity indices could effectively discriminate between individuals with higher than normal insulin sensitivity, and whether they would all provide similar information in clinical practice. Sprint runners (n = 8), endurance runners (n = 8) and sedentary controls (n = 7) received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. All participants were healthy lean males, aged 21-29 years. Besides glucose and insulin responses, a total of nine such indices were computed. Fasting as well as post-load glucose concentrations were similar in the three groups, while basal plasma insulin and the insulinaemic response to glucose were both higher in untrained individuals (at P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively). There were no differences between endurance and sprint runners. The results for insulin sensitivity, however, were quite variable: three indices showed that both groups of athletes were more insulin-sensitive than controls; three indicated that this was the case for endurance runners only; one indicated that this was the case for sprint runners only; and two showed that sprint runners were more insulin-sensitive than either sedentary individuals or endurance runners (all differences were significant at P < 0.05). Controlling for total body weight or lean mass did not effectively resolve this disagreement. Apparently, the various insulin sensitivity indices examined provided different quantitative and qualitative information, despite insulin action being greater in both groups of athletes relative to controls, as reflected by their similar glucose tolerance with lower insulin concentrations. We suggest, therefore, that the use and interpretation of such indices among physically active individuals be made with caution.