通信行业FRAND原则实现困境及其解决

标准必要专利许可费率被约定为商业秘密以及通信行业显失公平的做法导致FRAND原则难以实现。标准必要专利许可费率不符合商业秘密的特征,将其作为商业秘密,会导致社会资源浪费,也会带来司法成本的提高。要切实落实FRAND原则,标准必要专利许可费率应公开透明,将"基于实施专利的最小销售单元"作为标准必要专利许可费的计算基准。同时,支付标准必要专利许可费的合适主体应是最小销售单元制造商。     

标准必要专利许可费率综合计算方法研究

本文梳理了标准必要专利许可费计算司法实践和学术研究成果,提出了标准必要专利许可费率综合计算方法。通过企业财务成本费用利润归类计算专利技术成本费用利润贡献占比,通过计算产品全部标准必要专利数占全部专利数比例计算标准必要专利数与全部专利数量占比,通过技术功效矩阵专利价值分析计算专利权人标准必要专利分值与全部必要专利分值占比。通过将三个占比相乘得出标准必要专利的许可费率,为企业专利许可、司法审判提供了一个新的方法。我国应建立企业技术贡献会计核算制度,完善技术要素贡献企业会计核算方法,建立标准必要专利认定标准和第三方认定制度,制定技术功效矩阵标准必要专利价值计算基本规范和流程。     

论“专利劫持”的法律属性及其司法救济

标准必要专利是行业标准的必要技术,专利劫持产生的原因是专利与标准之间的利益冲突。专利权人不当申请禁令救济,破坏市场自由竞争,损害标准实施者合法利益。标准必要专利权人负有对外许可的义务,应当向所有标准实施者进行许可,而专利劫持却是一种违约行为。只有依据利益平衡的原则考虑签发禁令,确定标准必要专利的合理许可费,才能使标准专利的各方当事人对峙或冲突中走向相互协调,在法律规则的制定与完善中,实现司法禁令救济的正当性。     

标准必要专利FRAND许可费确定的影响因素实证研究

标准必要专利是新一代信息技术等技术密集型行业竞争的核心。标准必要专利的有效许可和实施是实现经济数字化转型升级的重要驱动力。虽然国际标准组织提出了以FRAND原则为核心的标准必要专利许可实施的国际规则治理体系，但在FRAND原则内涵模糊且无强制约束力的情形下，以标准必要专利许可费确定为核心的诉讼纠纷席卷全球。为探寻FRAND许可费确定的影响因素，本研究从专利价值评估理论及司法实践中寻找突破方式，对FRAND许可费确定的影响因素从专利价值确定的商业因素、技术因素和法律因素三个维度进行理论探讨，然后选取17个国内外典型案例进行实证研究，分析各因素的可行性及适用难点。研究发现：考量频率由高到低依次为：商业因素、技术因素、法律因素。商业因素中，可对比的许可是首选方式。技术因素中，专利对产品的技术贡献、专利对标准技术能力的贡献是次优方式，而专利胜过可替代技术的效用和优势、替代技术方案的实施成本因操作难度太高而缺乏参考意义。法律因素难以定量，故参考意义较小，但可为计算方法的选择、禁令救济的限制等提供参考。基于以上结论，本文为确定FRAND许可费提供了针对性建议。     

标准必要专利许可费计算基数之初步法律研究

近年来,高新技术行业尤其是通信及互联网行业的标准必要专利之争成为焦点问题。其中许可费的计算问题尤为关键。我国司法实践中,尚未明确确立系统的计算方法。从目前来看,包括审理高通反垄断调查、华为与IDC之间标准必要专利诉讼在内的中国法院都倾向于以终端产品价格作为计算标准必要专利许可费的基数。本文梳理美国相关判例中与之相关的一套理论,介绍了分配原则、最小可销售单元原则及整体市场价值原则等,并通过Laser Dynamic v.Quanta Computer USA Inc.案、CSIRO v.Cisco Systems Inc.案两个判例详析了美国法院针对这一问题的态度。借此提出美国判例对我国同类案例的借鉴意义:以最小可销售单元价格作为计算基数为基础,以整机价格作为基数为例外,能够规避许可费堆叠及专利劫持等问题,以最大限度地满足"公平、合理、无歧视"原则。     

基于双重许可模式的专利许可费收益权证券化风险防控路径研究

专利证券化是实现知识产权金融创新的重要途径.专利许可费收益权证券化是以专利许可费的收益权作为基础资产的专利证券化."兴业圆融—广州开发区专利许可资产支持专项计划"是中国首个采用双重许可模式的专利许可费收益权证券.以此为例,对其采取双重专利许可模式的专利许可费收益权证券化产生的相关风险进行了探讨.研究发现,专利许可费收益...     

标准必要专利文献分析及许可合同道路的回归

随着标准必要专利的研究日益深入,相关主题研究文献数量庞大,笔者在对国内标准必要专利的研究文献进行检索分析后,梳理出国内标准必要专利的研究呈现出的两个特点：（1）标准必要专利的研究与专利许可合同的研究相分离;（2）竞争法是研究与规制标准必要专利的主要路径。对比国外研究文献,国外更多学者关注标准必要专利许可合同本身的研究,标准必要专利许可合同的灵活性得到更多学者的强调。笔者认为,对于标准必要专利的研究以及现实问题的解决应该回归到标准必要专利许可合同的道路上,将标准必要专利与专利许可合同结合起来,以平衡标准必要专利许可合同当事人双方的权利义务为标准,研究标准必要专利许可合同。     

浅谈标准必要专利案件中合理许可费的计算——简析爱立信v.D-Link案

本案讨论的重点不是提出了一个新的计算RAND许可费率的方法,而是美国联邦巡回法院就Wi Fi工业标准解释了一系列的问题,澄清地区法院应该如何指引陪审团为SEP分摊赔偿金。在SEP案件中,分摊规则的重要性已经超过了整体市场价值规则。美国联邦巡回法院认为Wi Fi技术的许可协议是可以被采纳的,即使它对比涉案专利包含不同的组件或特征,因为许可协议可以帮助陪审团确定合适的许可费。当涉及多组件产品时,许可费基础和费率的最终结合必须反应归功于侵权特征的价值。因此,许可费必须被分摊以反应专利发明本身的价值。赔偿金必须被分摊以反应产品中一个小的专利特征的价值,并进一步反应标准中一部分的价值,因为通常来说标准必要专利只会覆盖标准的一小部分。     

我国专利技术许可的障碍分析和对策探析

我国专利许可市场中的主要障碍是难以确定合理的专利许可费.其中,影响专利许可费高低的诸多因素是专利许可谈判双方必须考量的一个关键环节.现有法律制度对专利许可费有所涉及,但对实践指导意义不大.本文以专利许可活动为中心,围绕专利法和合同法,对专利许可费影响因素做深度探讨,分析一般和特殊情形下专利许可费的取值范围,剖析专利许可费影响因素在法务中的表现,指出现有法律条款的不足,并最终提出相应的解决思路为我国专利许可事业献智献策.     

专利资产证券化解析

利用专利资产证券化促进企业技术创新,是近年来出现的一个新的热点问题.证券化技术可广泛运用于技术创新的不同阶段,从而形成专利投资信托、专利质押贷款证券化和专利许可费证券化.目前,可行的模式是专利许可费证券化.我国企业可根据专利利用状态选择不同的专利资产证券化类型.     

科技规划事前评估指标体系构建与方法探索北大核心CSCDCSSCI

规划的高质量编制是其高质量实施的重要基础前提。事前评估不仅可作为提高科技规划编制质量的有效工具,也是贯彻落实中央提出的“抓战略、抓规划、抓政策、抓服务”要求的一项重要举措。当前,在我国科技规划的制定环节引入事前评估机制,有利于进一步提高规划的编制质量和后续实施效率与效果,形成覆盖规划“事前—事中—事后”全生命周期的监测评估体系。本文在借鉴国外规划文本质量评估有关研究成果的基础上,结合“十四五”国家科技创新专项规划事前评估试点经验,围绕外部有效性、内部有效性、过程合规性和预期风险等4个维度提出了科技规划事前评估的通用指标体系,并开发了相应的适用评估工具方法。上述指标体系的构建和工具方法的开发,对于开展其他领域发展规划的事前评估,也具有积极的参考意义。     

Cross-company customer churn prediction in telecommunication: A comparison of data transformation methods

Cross-Company Churn Prediction (CCCP) is a domain of research where one company (target) is lacking enough data and can use data from another company (source) to predict customer churn successfully. To support CCCP, the cross-company data is usually transformed to a set of similar normal distribution of target company data prior to building a CCCP model. However, it is still unclear which data transformation method is most effective in CCCP. Also, the impact of data transformation methods on CCCP model performance using different classifiers have not been comprehensively explored in the telecommunication sector. In this study, we devised a model for CCCP using data transformation methods (i.e., log, z-score, rank and box-cox) and presented not only an extensive comparison to validate the impact of these transformation methods in CCCP, but also evaluated the performance of underlying baseline classifiers (i.e., Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Gradient Boosted Tree (GBT), Single Rule Induction (SRI) and Deep learner Neural net (DP)) for customer churn prediction in telecommunication sector using the above mentioned data transformation methods. We performed experiments on publicly available datasets related to the telecommunication sector. The results demonstrated that most of the data transformation methods (e.g., log, rank, and box-cox) improve the performance of CCCP significantly. However, the Z-Score data transformation method could not achieve better results as compared to the rest of the data transformation methods in this study. Moreover, it is also investigated that the CCCP model based on NB outperform on transformed data and DP, KNN and GBT performed on the average, while SRI classifier did not show significant results in term of the commonly used evaluation measures (i.e., probability of detection, probability of false alarm, area under the curve and g-mean).     

Reduction of gross hemolysis in catheter-drawn blood using Greiner Holdex? tube holder

Introduction:

Blood collection through intravenous lines frequently causes spurious hemolysis. Due to specific structure, the tube holder Holdex^® (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmuenster, Austria) is supposed to prevent erythrocyte injury in samples collected from catheters, so that we planned a specific study to support this hypothesis.

Materials and methods:

Blood was collected from emergency department (ED) patients with 20-gauge catheter. In patients with odd order numbers, first and second tubes were collected with conventional holder (BD Vacutainer One Use Holder, Becton Dickinson, Milan, Italy) and the third with Holdex, whereas in even patients first and second tubes were drawn with Holdex and the third using BD Vacutainer One Use Holder. The first tube was discarded, whereas the second and third were centrifuged and serum was tested for potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and hemolysis index.

Results:

The final study population consisted in 60 ED patients. Concentrations of potassium (4.25 vs. 4.16 mmol/L; P = 0.031), LD (498 vs. 459 U/L; P = 0.039) and cell-free hemoglobin (0.42 vs. 0.22 g/L; P = 0.042) were higher in samples collected with BD Vacutainer One Use Holder than with Holdex. The mean bias of cell-free hemoglobin was −0.4 g/L in samples collected with Holdex. Although the frequency of samples with cell-free hemoglobin > 0.5 g/L was identical (17/60 vs. 17/60; P = 1.00), the frequency of those with concentrations >3.0 g/L was higher using BD Vacutainer One Use Holder than Holdex (4/60 vs. 0/60; P = 0.042).

Conclusions:

The use of Holdex for drawing blood from intravenous lines may be effective for reducing gross hemolysis.     

基于文献计量的诺贝尔奖成果的专利垄断战略的情报分析--- 关于1993年诺贝尔化学奖PCR技术的实证分析

文摘：PCR技术是对我们生活影响很大的颠覆性创新,基于具大的市场潜力,国际著名公司进行了专利垄断的战略布局和实施,通过文献检索和专利分析,对于PCR技术垄断巨头RACHI的专利布局的方式和垄断技术要点进行分析,从而解析该公司巨资买断专利和后续布局点专利的价值,说明后续巨额专利费的来源,同时解释了正是因为垄断策略布局而在原理性革命推进中,垄断专利策略失效和后来专利居上专利蛙跳的原因。     

SEP免费政策会导致SSO成员离开吗？——基于ICT行业的实证分析

基于Searle Center Database,用生存分析方法分析SEP免费政策对SSO成员生存率的影响。研究表明在ICT行业中,SEP免费政策反而会提高成员的生存率,当成员同时加入多个SSO或在其他SSO中声明SEP时,这种效应尤其明显。认为在复杂技术行业中,技术供给企业可能存在着迂回获利模式,SSO可以改进政策制定思路避免陷入"标准推广or标准质量"的两难选择。     

研发外包契约选择:基于事后效率的研究

分析了事前研发外包契约的选择对事后效率的影响,构建了一个基于研发外包背景的事后敲竹杠模型;从事后交易效率的视角分析了事前研发外包契约的选择,将事前契约作为事后交易的参考点。结果发现:只有研究单位得到应有的权利时才会提供全部的创新知识;事前签订固定许可费用契约易产生敲竹杠成本,而签订灵活价格契约会导致双方争论而产生折扣成本,但事后效率优于签订固定许可费用契约;如果公司作为研发出资方,拥有创新产权并分享大部分的创新收益是有效率的。     

高通的全球反垄断调查与标准必要专利研究

[目的/意义]市场支配地位的滥用形式具有多样性、复杂性和隐蔽性,且在不断的改变与"进化"中。高通公司作为无线通信行业拥有最多标准必要专利的专利许可经营者、芯片制造商和销售商,近年来被全球范围的竞争执法和司法机构的高度关注。由于目前各国(地区)的行政处罚或司法裁判存在较大差异,并且在探索与相互学习、影响中,对高通的全球反垄断案件进行梳理和总结具有理论和实践的双重意义。[方法/过程]通过分析论证各国认定高通公司反垄断违法性的以下关键问题:市场支配地位的认定、"无许可,无芯片"政策、拒绝交易与搭售行为、忠诚折扣与独家交易、许可费率的确定。[结果/结论]总结高通公司垄断的核心在于纵向一体化商业模式,为我国同类专利许可与反垄断调查案件的经验借鉴尽绵薄之力。     

Preanalytical quality improvement – in quality we trust

Background

The preanalytical phase represents the major source of variability in laboratory diagnostics. Our aim was to assess to what extent underfilling of primary blood tubes may impact upon routine coagulation testing.

Materials and methods:

Blood was drawn by syringe from 21 healthy volunteers and 6 patients on warfarin therapy, and immediately transferred into 3.6 mL vacuum tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate (Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium). All tubes were filled using standardized volumes of whole blood to produce scalar amounts of filling: 3.6 mL (i.e., 100%), 3.2 mL (89%), 2.8 mL (78%) and 2.4 mL (67%). Samples were mixed and centrifuged at 1300 × g for 10 min. The plasma was tested for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FBG) on ACL TOP (Instrumentation Laboratory - IL, Milan, Italy), using IL reagents. A polynomial plot was derived for each parameter from interpolation of clotting values obtained with different percentages of filling, and these plots were compared with quality specifications (± 2.0 for PT, ± 2.3 for APTT and ± 4.8 for FBG) to calculate the minimal filling volume required to produce clinically acceptable results.

Results:

The equations were (PF, Percentage of filling): PT (sec) = 3.375 × PF^2–6.255 × PF + 17.806 (r = 0.980); APTT (sec) = 8.925 × PF^2–23.578 × PF + 46.356 (r = 0.979); and FBG (mg/dL) = −311.5 × PF^2 + 422.1 × PF + 147.07 (r = 0.994). According to these equations, the minimum allowed thresholds of blood tubes filling were > 61% for PT, > 87% for APTT and > 71% for FBG.

Conclusions:

Our results confirm that routine coagulation testing performed on underfilled tubes may generate biased and clinically misleading test results. This is particularly critical for APTT, wherein tubes filled at less than ∼90% generate unreliable data. The FBG and the PT seem more resistant to underfilling, clinical significant biases being observed only where blood tubes were filled at less than ∼60 and ∼70%, respectively.     

现行法律制度下“关联外观设计”保护探讨

禁止重复授权是专利制度的一项基本原则,对于外观设计专利而言,这一原则涉及的相关法律法规为《专利法》第二十三条、《专利法》第九条和《专利法实施细则》第十三条第一款。然而,上述原则是否适用于关联外观设计,目前在我国尚无明确的法律规定。本文通过分析一组判例,就关联外观设计在司法实践中引发的法律问题提出解决的思路,期待能够以此促成业界的共识。     

A new solution to the gamer’s dilemma

Luck (2009) argues that gamers face a dilemma when it comes to performing certain virtual acts. Most gamers regularly commit acts of virtual murder, and take these acts to be morally permissible. They are permissible because unlike real murder, no one is harmed in performing them; their only victims are computer-controlled characters, and such characters are not moral patients. What Luck points out is that this justification equally applies to virtual pedophelia, but gamers intuitively think that such acts are not morally permissible. The result is a dilemma: either gamers must reject the intuition that virtual pedophelic acts are impermissible and so accept partaking in such acts, or they must reject the intuition that virtual murder acts are permissible, and so abstain from many (if not most) extant games. While the prevailing solution to this dilemma has been to try and find a morally relevant feature to distinguish the two cases, I argue that a different route should be pursued. It is neither the case that all acts of virtual murder are morally permissible, nor are all acts of virtual pedophelia impermissible. Our intuitions falter and produce this dilemma because they are not sensitive to the different contexts in which games present virtual acts.