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Résumé Une expérience d'enseignement a été menée avec des élèves de Cours Moyen (Grade 4 et 5). Les élèves ont participé à une activité spécifiquement élaborée, la production de problèmes de fractions, à l'aide d'une terminologie spécifique, grâce à la production et à l'observation d'un ensemble de critères. Ainsi, les interactions au sein de la classe ont été organisées dans le but d'élaborer un système commun de significations, basé sur des outils sémiotiques appropriés, qui ont permis au maître et aux élèves de partager des significations mathématiques. De telles interactions nécessitent une négociation de nouvelles normes sociales qui détermine, pour le maître et les élèves, un nouveau contrat didactique.
A longitudinal teaching experiment was conducted with fourth and fifth graders. Students participated in a specially designed activity, the production of fraction problems using a specific terminology developed through producing and applying a set of criteria. The interactions within the class were organised with the goal of developing a common system of meanings, based on appropriate semiotic tools, allowing teacher and students to share mathematical significations. Such interactions require a negotiation of new social norms determining, for teacher and students, a new didactic contract.
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In this paper we enlarge the scope of graphs of demonstration, using them to study students' proof formulations. First, we focus on the central problem which is the interpretation of student formulations. We study particularly the use of words we call signals (avertisseurs), whose function is to point out the logical structure of the demonstration. Secondly, we show, in the context of a problem in algebra, what this approach can offer: to show strategies underlying the students' proof formulations.  相似文献   

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This article examines the theoretical and practical problems which seem the most noticeable in institutions for the first cycle of Secondary teaching in France, i.e. for courses which cater for children from 11‐12 to 15‐16.

The points which are developed bear upon the recent proposals for reform of the colleges and teacher training (de Peretti & Legrand Reports) and on the reactions which they are at present causing in France. The article aims to show that a certain number of contradictions between what is usually postulated in theory and what is, in fact, noted in practice can be overcome by starting with an analysis of the conflicts actually taking place in the collèges.  相似文献   


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Future engineers will be pluridisciplinary and will have to show proof of adaptability. This paper describes three aspects of the ESIEA approach: training engineers for computer science and its application areas. (1) Creation of a ‘systemic discipline’ by regrouping subjects traditionally differentiated, but using the same mathematical model which includes, among others: electrokinetics, mechanic systems, hydraulics, thermal circuits, etc. (Kirchoff networks). (2) Organisation of programmes by combining a systemic categorisation with a traditional and professional categorisation of disciplines. (3) Extraction of principles, transdisciplinary general models (abstract technicoscientific thematic structures(. As a conclusion, the pros and cons of a systemic approach are dealt with. It saves time and contributes to learning adaptability, but as it is somewhat abstract and global, it must be balanced and illustrated by quite concrete applications.  相似文献   

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Résumé Depuis plusieurs années, on assiste à la croissance industrielle, à un rythme élevé, des pays dits nouveaux pays industrialisés (NPI). Parmi ceux-ci, la Corée du Sud qui connait un taux de croissance impressionnant, a mis en application une stratégie qu'il serait intéressant d'approfondir. Il importe également de mettre en avant les facteurs autres qu'économiques qui ont pu contribuer à cette croissance industrielle. Dans cet esprit, le présent article se propose d'examiner le rôle et la place des facteurs culturels (tradition culturelle confucianiste), des ressources humaines (éducation et emploi) et du développement technologique (transfert de technologie, RD) dans cette stratégie de croissance, ainsi que certaines limites propres à un tel modèle sur le plan politique et social.
The last few years have witnessed the increased pace of industrial growth in countries termed newly industrialized countries (NICs). Among these, South Korea has achieved an impressive rate of growth by applying a strategy that merits study. It is also relevant to bring to the fore the non-economic factors which have contributed to this industrial growth. To this end the present article sets out to examine the role and place of cultural factors (the Confucianist cultural tradition), human resources (education and employment) and technological development (technology transfer, R and D) in this growth strategy. It further considers certain political and social limits to such a growth model.

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren hat sich die industrielle Wachstumsrate in Ländern, die als sogenannte neuindustrialisierte Länder bezeichnet werden, erhöht. Zu diesen Ländern gehört Südkorea, das eine beeindruckende Wachstumsrate erzielen konnte aufgrund einer Strategie, die es noch weiter zu erforschen gilt. Zusätzlich sind die nicht wirtschaftlichen Faktoren relevant, die zum industriellen Wachstum mit beigetragen haben. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Verfasser des vorliegenden Artikels bemüht, die Rolle und den Stellenwert der kulturellen Faktoren (die konfuzianische kulturelle Tradition), die menschlichen Ressourcen (Erziehung und Beruf) und die technische Entwicklung (Technologietransfer, Forschung und Entwicklung) dieser Wachstumsstrategie zu untersuchen. Berücksichtigt werden ferner die politischen und gesellschaftlichen Grenzen des Wachstumsmodells.
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The author imagines a television programme relating to the education, training and professional life of a young woman engineer and she points out the differences with her male schoolmates. She suggests that the Associations of Women Engineers should undertake actions towards grants to help them to choose scientific and engineering studies and to convince them to make a career in new technical fields of activity. At the same time, employers should become aware that women engineers are a plus in the firm of the future.  相似文献   

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This study analyses children development of semantic, linguistic, procedural and schematic knowledge in the context of writing arithmetic word problems. 139 children aged between 8 and 12 years old were presented with a task which consisted in writing arithmetic word problems, according to some contraints: words, questions or measures to include in their problems; type of problems to write. Results show the relevance of actual theoritical models of problem solving (Mayer, 1983; Kintsch & Greeno, 1985). Schematic knowledge seem indeed more important than other knowledge in the process of writing arithmetic word problems; semantic knowledge are also used to choose relevant numbers or measures; the roles of linguistic and procedural knowledge seem less evident. Finally, some hypotheses related with the development of mental models of arithmetic word problems are formulated.  相似文献   

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For over 20 years applied linguistics has especially been engaged in problems connected with foreign language acquisition and learning. It appears as an inter‐discipline of psychology, pedagogics, sociology and linguistics. Gradually it is finding itself a place among the subjects taught in the university, forming its own cadre, defining its field and its research methods, and presenting results in the field of language learning. The moment has come for it to consider participation in the training of language teachers.

The author looks upon applied linguistics as an intermediary between the general psychological, pedagogical, methodological level of teaching and that of the special didactics of a language. In principle the contribution of the new discipline will be the teaching of everything the language teacher should know and be able to do, apart from what is required of every teacher and from what is specific for the teacher of a particular language.  相似文献   


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Résumé L'auteur met l'accent sur l'une des principales contradictions des sociétés industrialisées: l'accroissement de l'espérance de vie aux âges élevés et, en même temps, la marginalisation des personnes âgées. Le vieillissement dans ses différents aspects, notamment socio-démographiques, devrait constituer un thème éducatif de première importance dans le cadre de l'enseignement scolaire et dans la formation des intervenants auprès des personnes âgées. L'éducation peut enfin contribuer à enrichir les connaissances des personnes âgées mais aussi les aider à mieux assurer leur rôle de transmetteur de savoirs et d'expériences.
The author stresses one of the principal contradictions in industrialized societies: the increase in life expectancy at advanced ages, at the same time as the marginalization of the elderly. Aging, in its different aspects, and notably that of social demography, should be an educational topic of first importance both in school teaching and in the training of those who care for the elderly. Education can help to enlarge older people's learning, but it can also assist them in their role of transmitter of knowledge and experience.

Zusammenfassung Der Autor hebt einen der Hauptwidersprüche in Industrieländern hervor: die Erhöhung der Lebenserwartung und zur gleichen Zeit die Ausgrenzung älterer Menschen. Das Altern sollte mit seinen unterschiedlichen Aspekten und besonders dem Aspekt der sozialen Demographie als bildungspolitisches Thema höchste Priorität besitzen, und zwar sowohl im schulischen Bereich als auch in der Ausbildung von Altenpflegern. Bildung kann Lernmöglichkeiten für Ältere erweitern, aber sie kann sie auch in ihrer Rolle als Übermittler von Wissen und Erfahrungen bestärken.
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