企业异质性、研发投入与经营绩效

本文根据世界银行2012年对中国25个城市1529家企业的经营环境调查数据,克服前期研究普遍存在的样本选择偏误问题,采用倾向得分匹配估计方法从微观层面分析了中国不同性质企业的研发收益率。结果表明：研发投入会显著提升企业的收益率,但受企业异质性影响,具体表现为大规模、低竞争、有出口的企业的研发收益率要高于小规模、高竞争、无出口企业。通过进一步对研发收益率提升的微观机制进行考察发现,新设备引进和质量控制可以显著提升企业收益水平,管理方式创新、员工培训、引进新产品和新特性以及生产灵活性改进对企业收益率的影响因企业性质而已,成本控制对公司的收益影响不明显。     

市场竞争、选择性偏差与企业研发收益率

根据世界银行2012年对中国25个城市1542家企业的经营环境调查数据,研究了市场竞争对企业研发收益率的影响。基于研发产出存在异质性的假设,本文运用Roy模型对企业的研发能力偏差进行了纠正,并计算出每家企业潜在的研发收益率和无研发收益率,以及因企业特征而异的研发收益率。研究发现,不同竞争环境下的企业研发收益率存在显著差别,低竞争环境下企业的平均研发收益率要高于高竞争环境,企业会根据自身的"比较优势"选择是否进行研发。     

企业研发投资对超额收益的影响研究

本文探讨企业的研发投资对企业超额收益的影响。分析在不同的情境下，研发投入所引起的市场对公司估值的变化。基于2008年-2016年上市公司的研发数据和股票价格，探究在中国市场中研发投资与超额收益的关系。结果显示：企业的研发投入对企业超额收益率具有显著的正向影响；行业竞争程度可以正向调节研发投入与超额收益率的关系；在分工程度高的企业中，研发投入与超额收益率的关系更加突显，但是只有在分工程度高的企业中，行业竞争才能发挥对二者的调节作用。这表明，研发可以促进企业的发展，同时在竞争的压力下寻求分工合作，对企业的成长至关重要。     

出口学习、研发效应与企业生产率提升——来自中国制造业企业的经验证据

基于异质性企业理论的相关国内文献,大多集中在检验中国企业是否存在"出口学习效应",对如何产生"出口学习效应"的具体机理较少涉及。本文认为,产生"出口学习效应"的主要原因来自企业出口后的研发概率与绩效更高,在出口过程中企业会更有可能选择研发投入,且带来的生产率提升更为显著;本文以2004-2007年中国工业企业数据库为样本,基于多达100万个样本点的大数据进行实证检验,结论认为:中国制造业企业出口后选择研发投入的可能性会增加21.63%,而研发投入的选择,给这类企业带来了每年约7.3%的生产率提升。中国企业的出口不仅可以发挥比较优势,解决劳动力就业问题,同时也是为中国制造业企业更加自主选择研发投入,并在中长期提升生产率,获得动态优势的重要途径。     

研发投入、企业家精神与产学研绩效的关系研究——以广东省部产学研合作企业为例

研发投入是企业技术创新活动的基础,企业家精神在产学研合作中起到关键的协调作用.根据广东省部产学研合作企业的调研资料,以企业家精神作为调节变量,探讨了产学研合作中不同属性的研发投入之间及其时产学研绩效的影响.研究结果表明,政府资金有利于引导企业增加研发投入,且政府投入对企业研发支出的杠杆效应大于替代效应;研发领域内社会资金的绝对量与相对量均较低,企业自有研发投入在获取核心竞争优势、提升企业创新绩效中起到主导作用.企业规模与合作成效之间存在显著的正相关关系,出口导向对企业提升技术能力与创新绩效的促进作用不显著.另外,企业家精神对研发投入和产学研绩效之间的关系起到显著的调节作用.     

研发投入是否促进了中国光伏产业出口——基于省际面板数据的实证分析

研发投入是企业和产业竞争力提升的根本途径。本文以研发经费及研发人员为核心解释变量构建了分析研发对光伏产业出口影响的动态面板模型,采用系统GMM估计方法,运用2004—2016年25个省(市、自治区)的省际面板数据,实证分析了研发投入对光伏产业出口的影响。结果表明:反映研发投入的研发经费和研发人员均对光伏产业出口有显著影响。以光照程度划分的分地区回归分析发现,光照充足地区研发人员投入对出口的影响更大;因此,为促进中国光伏产业发展及其产品出口竞争力提升,应加大研发投入尤其应扩大光照充足地区研发人员队伍。     

AJ模型下的企业合作研发模式选择——基于知识影响因素的博弈

将企业合作研发模式分为横向合作研发和纵向合作研发,将研发模式选择过程分为研发合作和生产竞争两个阶段,并结合AHP法(层次分析法)和FAHP(模糊综合评价法),分析知识影响因素对合作研发模式选择的影响。研究表明,在知识影响因素较小时,横向研发合作收益率小于纵向研发合作收益率;随着知识影响因素的逐渐增大,两者间的差距逐渐缩小,当超过一定值时,横向研发合作收益率大于纵向研发合作收益率。     

研发投入、融资约束与出口绿色技术含量

本文基于异质企业的视角,通过修正新古典投资模型分析了企业研发投入、融资约束影响出口绿色技术含量的机理,并构建了企业层面的出口绿色技术含量指标,利用8万多组企业数据对此机理进行验证。得到的结论有:1.企业研发投入对出口绿色技术含量具有显著的正向影响,但私有企业的研发投入的效果要明显好于公有企业、非污染密集型企业的研发投入效果明显好于污染密集型企业。2.融资约束在企业研发影响出口绿色技术含量中具有调节作用,融资约束的这种调节作用在私有控股企业和非污染密集企业中较显著,但该调节作用在公有控股企业和污染密集性企业中不显著。     

中国制造业企业出口的技术创新效应——基于倾向得分匹配估计的实证研究

基于世界银行对中国12400家企业的调查数据,本文采用倾向得分匹配估计方法,考察了出口贸易对企业技术创新投入的影响.研究结果显示,出口决策从总体而言显著促进了出口企业的研发投入,但这一促进作用主要存在于低出口密度企业,高出口密度企业的出口对其研发投入并无显著作用.以上结论说明中国在实施对外开放的同时,应注重调整导致部分企业高度依赖出口的深层次制度根源.     

研发联盟关系是否影响企业的出口行为

本文采用世界银行针对中国的最新微观企业调查数据库,考察了研发联盟关系对企业出口扩展边际及集约边际的影响。研究结论发现:企业的双边研发联盟关系或多边研发联盟关系均能够显著促进企业出口扩展边际,且在中、大规模企业中更为突出;从扩展边际影响效应大小来看,多边研发联盟关系的边际效应最大,与下游客户企业的双边研发联盟关系次之,而与上游供应商企业之间的双边研发联盟关系的边际效应最小;双边或多边研发联盟关系也能够显著促进企业出口的集约边际效应;但企业的内部独立研发不能够显著影响企业的出口扩展边际或集约边际。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence