共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Robert P. Merges 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1995,19(2):103-117
This paper, adapted from a conference presentation in Venice, links the history of intellectual property protection to two important trends in this field: (1) the shifting baseline, from a presumption of no property rights and open competition, to the presumption that all intellectual effort deserves the award of a property right; and (2) growing awareness of the political economy of these rights, which legislators can create and strengthen with little direct effect on government budgets. The paper also considers a shift in the scholarly emphasis, from the brand question of the overall worth of intellectual property to defailed consideration of individual doctrines and rules. 相似文献
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Harry G. Johnson 《Minerva》1965,3(4):500-514
Summary There is no necessary connection between leadership in basic science and leadership in the applications of science, because scientific progress is a cooperative endeavour and not a competitive game; indeed, there may be a conflict between basic research and applied science. The notion of a position of leadership; in science raises questions of what leadership consists in and what its value is to the nation. The two main arguments for government support of science are cultural-social, and economic. The cultural-social argument stresses scientific activity as a form of social consumption of wealth and raises the question of whether other uses of the resources employed would contribute more to the greatness of the society. The economic argument stresses basic scientific research as a form of investment for the future, and raises the questions of what the rate of return on such investment is and whether and to what extent government support is called for. Relevant economic research results bearing on this problem are scarce. Economic theory suggests that competition in the market will supply less than the optimal amount of basic research; but our society substantially supplements the market through private contributions to and government support of science, and the question is whether this supplementation is deficient or excessive. Here difficult problems arise, on which more economic research is needed; one of these concerns the relative merits of government and private support of science. The rule-of-thumb procedures generally recommended for determining the volume and allocation of government support to basic scientific research generally ignore these problems, and amount to endorsing the present level of government support or recommending that it be increased. Allocation of federal support of science should take account of the possibility of stimulating the economic development of poor regions of the country by locating scientific research facilities in them. 相似文献
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Ivan L. Pitt 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2010,34(3):219-236
This paper examines the economic accomplishments of individual members in a Performing Rights Organization (PRO), sometimes
referred to as a Performing Rights Society. Today, there is the growing importance of intellectual property and copyright
protection for authors and creators of literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and other intellectual works. The digital age
has placed added pressure on songwriters, lyricists and composers in their ability to derive economic benefits from their
intellectual creativity in the form of a copyright. Copyright laws protect and enable the creation of music by allowing authors and composers to license the control and use
of their creations, and receive compensation in the form of royalty payments for their work. The PROs license, collect and
distribute royalty payments for non-dramatic public performances of copyrighted musical works created and owned by its members or affiliates. In this paper, skewness and heavy tail of returns
in the form of member royalty payments are estimated using the skew-normal and skew-t distributions in a parametric approach. We found strong evidence of the so-called ‘superstar effect’ in which the average
royalty payment made by a PRO is still dominated by extreme outcomes, and relatively few members earned a substantial share
of royalty payments from blockbuster hits that have endured over time. There is little evidence of smaller niche members dominating
or replacing the ‘superstars.’ Economists and others will benefit from this empirical study which emphasizes a new understanding
of the music industry from a PRO, member royalty payment and performance copyright perspective. 相似文献
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Merja Heikkinen 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1995,19(3):261-272
The paper deals with the relationship between direct public support for artists and the economic situation of artists. The empirical findings stem from a research project on the situation of artists in Finland. Some problems connected with obtaining relevant data on artists' economic situation are presented. The effects of direct financial support granted to individual artists on their income level and income discrepancies are illustrated with different patterns of impact. A brief presentation of the goals and measures of public policy towards artists in Finland is given, and the relationship with policy objectives and income effects of direct artists support is discussed. Two issues relevant for evaluating artist policy are raised: the need to account for the fundamental differences between art fields and artistic occupations, and the need to study the actual functions grant income has for the artists. 相似文献
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Michael Hutter 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1995,19(2):177-185
The paper attempts to formulate concrete proposals for a change in laws of intellectual property, based on a communication-oriented theoretical analysis of the issue. The particular role of collection societies is investigated. The proposals arrived at suggest a strengthening of non-negotiable, non-hereditary authors' rights, and a refinancing fee collected for copies of works of art with classical status and distributed to members of currently active art circles. 相似文献
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Alan V. Deardorff 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1995,19(2):119-130
The paper examines whether intellectual property rights in art should be extended to the entire world. In earlier papers, the economics of patent rights have been examined and the argument made that world welfare is likely to fall if patent rights are extended to the entire world. This argument is recapitulated here with special attention to the assumptions that are needed for its validity. These assumptions are then reexamined in the context of markets for art to see whether the argument carries over. It is found that while most of the assumptions do carry over well enough to justify the argument, there are also certain circumstances that may require greater geographic extension of intellectual property rights in some cases.Paper prepared for a conference on The Economics of Intellectual Property Rights, International Center for Art Economics, University of Venice, October 6–8, 1994. 相似文献
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Conclusion What we have accomplished is to provide a framework in which artists are seen as economic individuals who base decisions on the same set of factors as nonartists. We are uncomfortable with the notion that artists are a special breed who are not responsive to economic incentives. We are also uncomfortable with the notion that nonartists could never be artists. However, the model as presented does allow for the possibility that an artist will incorrectly estimate the worth of his or her works, and continue to pursue an artistic career. It also allows for the possibility that some nonartists may also make the wrong choice and pursue a nonartistic career instead of an artistic one. 相似文献
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The economic exploitation of the visual artist 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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The impact of cultural economics on economic theory 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michael Hutter 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1996,20(4):263-268
The paper asks what kind of impact cultural economics has had on the development of economic theory. Six research areas are discussed: productivity differentials between artistic and non-artistic labor, variations of the public good concept, particularly in relation to environmental goods, endogenous changes in preferences, long-term rates of return on paintings, impact of new media technologies and the autonomy of artistic valuation.It is shown that these topics have relevance beyond their applications in the cultural field, and that the theoretical issues involved challenge standard assumptions and standard modelling procedures in economic theory.Presidential address delivered at the 9th international conference of the Association for Cultural Economics, held in Boston, May 8–11, 1996. 相似文献
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Oliver Dieckmann 《Journal of Cultural Economics》1996,20(4):297-320
Shortcomings of neoclassical growth theory and growth accounting are viewed as a challenge for cultural economics. Recently, new growth theory has introduced several growth determinants and has closed the gap between theoretical and empirical research. Whether this development leaves space for cultural determinants in explaining economic growth is in the center of this paper. The theoretical analysis shows how an endogenous growth model can be used to explain the impact on economic growth of cultural determinants. The empirical part uses indices from cross-cultural studies to extend recent cross-country growth regressions. Among other Hofstedes uncertainty avoidance index is shown to be significantly correlated with economic growth.Discussion paper presented at the 9th international conference of the Association for Cultural Economics, Boston, May 8–11, 1996. 相似文献