浅议句法语义关系的ERP研究

句法和语义是句子理解加工的两个主要方面,人类大脑是否能够对句法和语义进行区分?又是如何对两者分别进行表征和加工的?这是目前语言认知神经科学领域研究的一个十分重要的课题。近年诸如"ERP"和"fMRI"之类神经语言学研究方法的兴起和盛行,为句子理解加工的相关研究提供了新的技术手段,也使研究者对句子理解加工的研究大大深化。本文旨在概述当前句法语义关系的ERP研究的一些成果。     

句子理解中的句法启动

句法启动是研究句子加工的重要研究范式。在句子理解层面的句法启动研究因长期受到质疑而被忽视。认知神经科学为研究句子理解的本质提供了新的手段和证据支持,从而重新启动了句子理解中句法启动的研究。从句子理解中句法启动的概念及其争议、句子理解中句法表征机制的研究及跨语言句子理解的句法启动研究等方面对句子理解中的句法启动研究进行了综述,旨在进一步明晰语言现象的本质,为进一步探究句子加工的本质提供新的证据支持。     

浅议二语甸子理解加工的ERP研究

心理语言学界普遍认为,句子理解主要涉及句法加工和语义加工两个方面,对此问题的思考得到了许多行为学实验和脑功能实验研究结果的支持。脑功能实验研究的主要手NZPh-ERP、fMRI等。本文主要概述一下当前关于句子理解加工ERP研究的一些成果。     

外语学习困难的脑机制研究:来自ERP和fMRI的证据及启示

外语/英语学习困难是国人的一块心病,始终摘不掉“低效”和“聋哑”的帽子.相关研究大多从心理与行为入手,无法揭示出深层的脑机制原因.近年来,使用事件相关电位技术(Event-Related Potential,ERP)和功能核磁共振成像技术(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,fMRI)不仅在一般学习困难研究领域取得了令人兴奋的进展,而且在外语/英语学习困难研究领域也取得了可喜的成果,在关键期、竞争模型、陈述/程序性模型、语码切换、心理词典、句法通达、技能熟练等关键领域都揭示出大脑内部的加工机制,为防治外语/英语学习困难提供了有益的启示.     

双语脑机制的几个重要问题及其当前研究进展

双语是人脑所特有的重要功能 ,对其脑机制的研究在近几年有了很大的进展。当前 ,加工的观点已经逐渐取代了存储的观点以解释两种语言神经基础的异同。前额叶在双语加工中的作用逐渐受到重视 ,研究者已经发现其在语音分析、执行功能和避免两种语言干扰中的作用。同时 ,研究者在对第二语言的接触时间、第二语言的熟练程度、语言类型等与双语脑机制的关系上取得了一些新的发现 ,但在这些领域还有很多重要问题值得深入研究。我国应该利用自身在研究资源上的优势 ,加强中英文加工的脑机制研究     

语音加工的脑机制研究:现状、困惑及展望

语音加工是语言认知的核心功能,其脑机制是当前研究者关心的重要问题,有关语音加工脑机制的研究,既包括听觉通道中语音加工的脑机制,也包括视觉通道中语音加工的脑机制。结果发现,左侧颞上回、左侧额下回以及左侧顶下小叶等多个脑区参与到语音的认知加工过程,但各脑区在功能上不是孤立的,而是相互联系与影响,构成一个神经网络,共同负责语音加工的过程。最后我们提出了一些未来研究应改进的方向,包括研究方法、研究思路以及研究对象方面的调整。     

教育神经科学研究进展

教育神经科学通过探索有关学习的脑机制,为学习科学研究提供生理学研究视角。文章首先对教育神经科学的内涵、发展及脑功能成像技术进行简要的介绍;继而对教育神经科学的主要研究内容进行论述,包括脑的功能结构与发展研究、语言学习的脑机制研究、数学学习的脑机制研究,以及情绪发展的脑机制研究;最后,描述了教育神经科学面临的困境,并提出教育神经科学未来的研究方向。     

语言理解中语义与句法加工的脑功能定位研究

语义加工与句法加工的关系是当前语言理解领域的核心和热点问题,认知神经科学研究从大脑功能定位角度对之进行了探讨。采用脑功能成像技术对该问题的研究范式主要有三种:简单句与复杂句对比范式、语义违背与句法违背范式、语义控制与句法控制范式。虽然关于这两个加工过程的大脑功能定位取得了一些进展,但大量的研究结果之间并不一致,主要的争议在于句法和语义加工的差异到底涉及的是特异化的语言功能区还是工作记忆的差异、是否涉及内隐与外显加工的差异等问题。未来,语义和句法加工的大脑定位及相互关系仍需要进一步的深入研究。     

二语学习者句法歧义句加工研究

歧义现象在语言中普遍存在,主要表现在词汇、句法和语义等多方面。歧义句的加工研究能验证语言加工机制,促进语言学习。二语句法歧义句的加工研究使得学习者关注母语引发歧义的同时更加注意二语习得过程中的句子加工机制,以此调整句法结构来促进语言理解。研究发现,母语学习者句法歧义句的加工机制和二语学习者句法歧义句的加工机制之间存在差异。此外,句法结构、工作记忆容量和语义关联性等都会影响二语句法歧义句的加工和认知方式。     

双语大脑中的语言理解与加工——口译神经认知过程初探

通过对笔者及国内外学者基于功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)和事件相关电位(event-related brain potentials,ERPs)的方法开展双语大脑中语言理解机制的实证研究,探讨了神经成像数据与当前双语加工的心理语言学模型间的关系,为涉及双语转换模式,为口译的神经认知研究提供理论支持。     

言语行为与自然语言处理

言语行为理论认为言即行，说话与理解都是一种言语行为。计算机是对人大脑的模拟，因此自然语言的计算机处理也应是对人类言语行为的一种模拟。目前的自然语言处理系统大多是基于人类语言的句法、语义理论之上的。言语行为理论的提出为自然语言处理的研究提供了全新的视角：自然语言处理实质上是一种言语行为，自然语言处理的研究要想有所突破，必须从句法、语义的理论上升到语用的理论。     

韵律加工的事件相关电位研究

韵律特征对语法建构的影响是心理语言学和认知神经科学的重要研究内容。韵律信息不仅可以帮助口语理解,而且文本阅读时也要借助韵律特征。为了揭示韵律加工的时间进程和脑机制,研究者使用事件相关电位(ERP)技术取得了一些重要的研究成果。首先,总结了韵律特征和语法结构相互作用过程中可能出现的六个ERP成分:右前负波(RAN)、早期负波(EN)、失配性负波(MMN)、中止正移波(CPS)、P600和P800。其次,针对目前研究韵律加工的特异性成分的不一致、实验任务不符合正常阅读习惯的缺陷、缺乏系统整合性分析这三个问题与争论进行了讨论。最后提出,只有充分考虑包括测试点、被试完成的任务等因素的影响,才能促进语言脑机制研究的进展。     

Neural correlates for numerical processing in the manual mode

This paper reports a study designed to examine the neuronal correlates for comprehending the signs of American Sign Language representing numerals in deaf signers who acquired Japanese Sign Language as their first language. The participants were scanned by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) twice on the day of the experiment. The results of the measurements revealed that upon learning that the signs actually have numeric meaning, a network of brain areas is activated immediately. Many of these areas have been previously implicated in numerical processing. The similar neural network of brain regions responsible for numerical processing exists on a nonlinguistical basis and works to retrieve arithmetic facts from presented linguistic material regardless of the mode of the language.     

Studies of neural processing in deaf signers: toward a neurocognitive model of language processing in the deaf

The ability to comprehend and produce language stands as a defining characteristic of human cognition and enables the transfer of knowledge and culture within human society. A proper characterization of the human capacity for language is required for the development of interventions that may be used to assist those individuals who have failed to achieve, or who have lost competence in, language behaviors. For signed languages, models of competent language use are lacking. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of effective assessment measures for deaf children who may be experiencing learning problems beyond those confronting the normal deaf child. I discuss two research avenues that have begun to provide a window into the neural systems involved in sign language processing: studies of language disruptions in adult deaf signers who have suffered brain injury, and studies of functional brain imaging in normal deaf signers. This research provides a basis for the development of a comprehensive neurocognitive model of sign language processing.     

CONVERGENCE OF TWO INDEPENDENT ROADS LEADS TO COLLABORATION BETWEEN EDUCATION AND NEUROSCIENCE

Collaboration is the foundation for innovative discoveries, as individuals with different backgrounds come together and combine their unique expertise. In the current article, an educational researcher and two neuroscientists relate their experiences in establishing a successful collaborative effort. The marriage of neuroscientific findings with educational research has begun to further advance educational approaches. Initial functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings indicate that direct interplay between educational interventions and brain‐based measures of sensory, motor, and cognitive processes provides an important link among cognitive processing and psychometric measures. If neuroimaging results support existing theoretical constructs of brain organization, then testable hypotheses may be designed to determine which educational interventions will be effective. The neuropsychological approach may provide school psychologists and teachers with an extensive array of fMRI‐based, developmentally appropriate instructional strategies for enhancing the functional organization of the developing brain of children. Promising suggestions and strategies for educational researchers, school psychologists, and neuroscientists are included.     

A Systematic Review on the Conceptualization and Operationalization of Students' Levels of Processing in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies

In educational research, there is a growing interest in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine students' levels of processing. As there is a growing interest in the use of fMRI, a systematic review was conducted to examine how deep and surface levels of processing are operationalized within the neuroscientific field. In addition, we investigated how this operationalization impacts on the conceptualization of levels of processing within fMRI research. A systematic search was conducted within the MEDLINE, PubMed, ERIC, and Web of Science databases, and 25 studies were identified for this review. With regard to the operationalization, the review indicates that levels of processing were examined under highly controlled conditions with decontextualized and simplified language stimuli. Analysis of these studies revealed that there is a lack of conceptual clarity as, in half of the cases, no theoretical framework was explicitly mentioned, and no clear definition was given regarding levels of processing.     

基于科学知识图谱的我国脑认知研究

为促进心理学采用科学知识图谱进行大批量文献资料地客观研究,也为了直观展示我国已有脑科学研究成果,对后继脑科学研究提供支持,利用Bicomb软件及SPSS软件对从中国知网中查询到的604篇文献进行了科学知识图谱绘制．结果表明,我国脑认知研究主要围绕脑神经结构与脑神经生理指标、事件相关电位和功能性磁共振成像两大主线和面孔识别、情绪及注意等的事件相关电位及功能性磁共振成像、儿童语言及神经网络、脑神经的可塑性、前额叶的功能及结构等四个领域展开．     

国外对手语的脑加工机制研究

关于语言的脑加工机制研究主要是根据口语语言的研究所获得的.既然手语在国外已经获得了独立的语言地位,因此可以通过对手语语言的研究,更好地理解关于语言的特征,从而判断以往研究中得出的语言特征是否是口语或听觉语言所具有的特征.实际上,已经有研究相继表明了手语和口语在脑加工上的相似性,并在神经系统上找到了相应的支持:比如这两种语言都激活了优势的左外侧裂周区网络系统的加工.不过除了共同点,研究人员也试图进一步发现二者存在的加工差异.毕竟手语与口语是使用不同信息通道的语言,对其差异性的研究,一方面可以帮助我们更好地理解语言的一般性,也可以帮助我们更好地理解语言加工的特殊性,从而促进聋人的语言发展.     

Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Written Sentence Comprehension

Sentences convey relationships between the meanings of words, such as who is accomplishing an action or receiving it. Functional neuroimaging based on positron-emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to identify areas of the brain involved in structuring sentences and determining aspects of meaning associated with sentences. This article reviews this literature, beginning with studies that compare sentences to low-level baselines, which identify brain regions involved in many language functions, and progressing to more narrowly constructed experiments that contrast one sentence type with another, which are designed to identify brain regions involved in quite specific sentence-level processing operations. These studies suggest that at least some syntactic and sentence-level interpretive operations, and/or the resource system that supports them, utilize the same brain areas regardless of whether language is spoken or written. They also suggest that several brain regions may provide support in these processes and that there are individual differences in what parts of the brain are involved in these functions.