河南省普通高校开展定向运动可行性研究

根据河南省普通高校定向运动的开展并不理想的现状,本文分析了河南省普通高校开展定向运动的制约因素,并对河南省普通高校开展定向运动的可行性进行了探讨,旨在为河南省普通高校定向运动的开展提供参考。     

新课程概念下在警察院校开展定向运动的可行性研究

根据警察院校定向运动的开展并不理想的现状,本文分析了警察院校开展定向运动的影响因素,并对警察院校开展定向运动的可行性进行了分析,旨在为警察院校定向运动的开展提供参考。     

体育教学中定向运动教学的实施对策

定向运动是集体力训练、智力锻炼于一身的运动项目,在体育教学中开展定向运动教学意义重大。本文,对体育教学中开展定向运动教学的意义进行了探讨,并对定向运动教学的方法进行了研究。     

对我国普通高校开展定向运动现状及意义研究

随着素质教育的深入开展,越来越多的教育工作者和有关领导开始认识到定向运动对提高学生素质的独特作用。为使广大师生对定向运动有较全面的了解,促进高校定向运动的进一步开展,本文通过查阅相关文献资料,对当前我国高校定向运动开展的现状进行了介绍,并对其意义进行了研究。研究表明进一步在普通高校开展定向运动是非常必要的也是非常可行的。。     

湖南省高校定向运动现状的调查与分析

采用文献资料法、访谈法、问卷调查法和数理统计法等方法,对湖南高校开展定向运动现状进行了调查分析。了解了湖南省高校开展定向运动的现状和问题,最后从加强定向运动教学体系的科学研究,建立完善的人才输送链,加强师资培训,组织定期比赛,加强项目的宣传等方面对我省高校开展定向运动提出了建议。     

湖南省高校定向运动现状及发展对策研究

采用文献资料法、访谈法、问卷调查法和数理统计法,对湖南省高校开展定向运动的现状进行了调查分析。根据湖南省高校开展定向运动的现状和问题,分析了定向运动发展的战略依据,建议以拓宽交流渠道、开发多样化功能和加大科技投入为战略方向。提出完善高校定向运动组织和管理体系;加强多元化的定向运动专业人才培训等一系列措施。     

大学生定向运动的研究现状

定向运动是我国新兴的体育项目,尤其在高校得到了一定的普及。本文就定向运动的技能和技能训练、定向运动对身心健康的影响以及定向运动的人体科学的研究进行分析,旨在为大学生定向运动的开展和科研提供一定的理论基础。     

论高校体育教学中开设定向运动的必要性和可行性

运用文献资料法、比较研究法、逻辑分析法等方法,阐述了定向运动的基本特点,分析了制约开展定向运动教学的主要因素,为进一步在高校中开展定向运动教学提出对策,旨为在各院校开展定向运动项目教学提供参考。     

对普通高校定向运动选材、训练和比赛的探讨

定向运动是合作与和谐的运动。在高校开展定向运动是非常必要和有意义的。文章结合运动实践对普通高校定向运动选材、训练和比赛过程中运用行之有效的方法为提高定向运动成绩进行了探讨。     

黑龙江省高校冬季开展定向运动的可行性分析

为了拓展北方高校冬季体育的内容和空间,对黑龙江省部分高校专家和教师就冬季开展定向运动课程的可行性进行了调查,分析了北方高校冬季开展定向运动的意义和有利条件。指出了定向运动项目的自身特点和北方气候条件因素、课堂组织与管理难、场地器材的限制、缺少专业的定向运动指导教师和统一与规范的教材是限制北方高校冬季开设定向运动的主要因素,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

新课程背景下中学开展定向运动可行性尝试

定向运动是集健身、趣味、竞技、知识于一体的新兴体育项目,在体育新课程实验过程中,尝试性地开展了定向运动。因定向运动符合中学生的身心特点,深受学生喜爱和欢迎,针对在开展活动中出现的情况和存在的问题,进行了剖析,并提出了建议。     

Attentional focus in complex skill learning

Experiment 1 examined whether it is more advantageous to direct learners' attention to the external effects of their movements relative to other external cues. Two groups of participants hit tennis balls at a target, with one group focusing on the ball coming toward them (antecedent) and the other group focusing on the ball leaving the racket (effect). The effect group demonstrated more effective learning. Experiment 2 examined whether it is more beneficial if the movement effect is related to the movement technique, relative to other movement effects (e.g., outcome). Two groups of participants hit golf balls at a target. The attention of these groups was directed to the club or the ball trajectory, respectively. The club group showed more effective learning than the target group, suggesting that focusing on technique-related effects is more effective.     

A New Perspective on Motor Skill Automation

Abstract

The article by Richard A. Schmidt is directed to the locus of movement control. The paper's major goal is to describe a reconciliation between the peripheralists and the centralists. Schmidt describes major research issues for the future, along with current thinking about the central control of action in various theoretical conceptualizations of the structure of central motor programs. In the presentation on motor skill automation George E. Stelmach and Douglas D. Larish introduce the concept of attention and review research findings concerning attention, automation, and movement. They recommend automatic sequencing as a more viable theoretical position. Empirical support is given for the stance taken by these authors, followed by examples of potential approaches to research in motor behavior.     

Pre-movement and during-movement visual search behaviours vary depending on expertise and anxiety levels in ten-pin bowling

This study investigated the pre-movement and during-movement visual search behaviour (VSB) and quiet eye (QE) of 11 elite versus 10 sub-elite ten-pin bowlers, performing under high-anxiety and low-anxiety conditions. Pre-movement and independent of expertise, bowlers had more fixations and directed them to more locations when performing under high-anxiety compared with low-anxiety. Elite bowlers fixated at more locations closer to the pins in pre-movement than during-movement, with pre-movement QE occurring mostly at the breakpoint and middle arrows. During movement however, bowlers fixated closer to the foul-line at the middle and right dots and arrows, with during-movement-QE occurring at the middle dots and right arrows. Elite bowlers recorded longer QE durations during-movement rather than pre-movement, albeit a later onset during the longish five-step approach prior to ball release compared with sub-elite bowlers. Our results suggest that QE during-movement instead of pre-movement could be more pertinent in differentiating expertise during sporting tasks with a long movement phase and far-aiming target. The relevance of pre-movement or movement-QE in characterising expertise and performance could therefore be sport-dependent. This should be considered when investigating skilled action and developing training programs for skill acquisition.     

Intra-individual movement variability during skill transitions: A useful marker?

Abstract

Applied research suggests that athletes and coaches need to be challenged in knowing when and how much a movement should be consciously attended to. This is exacerbated when the skill is in transition between two more stable states, such as when an already well-learnt skill is being refined. Using existing theory and research, this paper highlights the potential application of movement variability as a tool to inform a coach's decision-making process when implementing a systematic approach to technical refinement. Of particular interest is the structure of co-variability between mechanical degrees-of-freedom (e.g., joints) within the movement system's entirety when undergoing a skill transition. Exemplar data from golf are presented, demonstrating the link between movement variability and mental effort as an important feature of automaticity, and thus intervention design throughout the different stages of refinement. Movement variability was shown to reduce when mental effort directed towards an individual aspect of the skill was high (target variable). The opposite pattern was apparent for variables unrelated to the technical refinement. Therefore, two related indicators, movement variability and mental effort, are offered as a basis through which the evaluation of automaticity during technical refinements may be made.     

Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels

This study addressed the question, what should baseball players focus their attention on while batting? Less-skilled and highly skilled (college) baseball players participated in four dual-task conditions in a baseball batting simulation: two that directed attention to skill execution (skill/internal [movement of the hands] and skill/external [movement of the bat]) and two that directed attention to the environment (environmental/irrelevant [auditory tones] and environmental/external [the ball leaving the bat]). Batting performance for highly skilled players was best in the environmental/external condition and worst in the skill/internal condition. Performance of less-skilled batters was significantly better in the two skill conditions than in either of the two environmental conditions. We conclude that the optimal focus of attention for highly skilled batters is one that does not disrupt proceduralized knowledge and permits attention to the perceptual effect of the action, whereas the optimal focus of attention for less-skilled batters is one that allows attention to the step-by-step execution of the swing.     

Sport studies

The sport-for-development movement has grown exponentially in the last decade generating increasing academic attention. However, existing research has rarely sought the views of young people despite them being both the main target audience of initiatives and frequently the deliverers. This paper seeks to address young people's absence within research and advocate the importance of engaging them in sport-for-development debates to enhance understanding of current delivery and to improve policy and practice in the future. The paper examines Zambian young people's views of HIV/AIDS peer-led education delivered through sport considering particularly whether young people believe such interventions can encourage empowerment and subsequent behaviour change. The paper outlines the importance of improving understanding of how young people can begin to translate knowledge into agency. The paper concludes with the suggestion that change is more likely if peer-led education through sport programmes are combined with multi-layered interventions directed at all levels of communities.     

Preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses in simple and choice environments

Research investigating the preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses typically has assumed complete programming of the response occurring prior to movement initiation and has made use of a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. A notable exception is Rosenbaum's work which proposed the Hierarchical Editor (HED) model that is specifically directed toward the control of movements in the choice environment. The purposes of this study were to investigate the assumption of complete programming prior to movement initiation and to compare predictions of the HED model with other programming models. Three experiments are reported in which subjects were required to tap either one, two, or three plates as rapidly as possible in either a simple or choice RT situation. The results were very consistent in these experiments even with several modifications in apparatus and methodology. Of particular interest were effects of movement complexity on RT and movement time (MT) for the first and second segments of the movement (M1 and M2). Choice RT (CRT) results consistently showed no increases in RT as the number of movement segments increased but showed significant increases in M1. For simple RT situations, however, there were small but consistent increases in RT as well as increases in M1 with increases in the number of movement parts. For both CRT and SRT results, small but nonsignificant increases were noted for M2. These results provide evidence for incomplete programming prior to response initiation. Although the SRT data can be accommodated by Henry's theory, the HED model appears to offer the best overall fit for the results.