课堂教学中教师的知己与知彼

教师的成长过程是不断认识和发现自己、认识和发现学生以及其他教师的过程，即知己知彼的过程。不少教学问题来自于教师对己对人深深的误会，这些误会不仅影响正常的教学，而且使教师自寻烦恼.知己与知彼是相辅相成、互不可缺的。知己以知彼为媒介，知彼以知己为前提与基础。     

Knowing Your Market:

Whether students are working or not is one effective basis for segmenting the student market. This investigation suggests that working college students use sophisticated methods for balancing their GPA, course load, and workload. An understanding of how they do this can help colleges and universities better serve this important market segment and reap the benefits of having this market perceive the school more positively because of it being more sensitive toward, and understanding of, the needs of working students.     

Knowing about Guessing and Guessing about Knowing: Preschoolers' Understanding of Indeterminacy

In this article we investigate preschool children's understanding of indeterminacy by examining their ability to distinguish between determinate situations—in which the available evidence eliminates all uncertainty about an outcome—and indeterminate situations—in which it does not. We argue that a full understanding of indeterminacy requires the coordination of 3 processes: search, evaluation , and mapping . We describe 3 experiments aimed at discovering the extent to which these processes, each of which has been implicated in previous accounts of indeterminate reasoning, are developed in preschoolers and the extent to which different children organize the processes into different strategies. Experiment 1 examines 5-year-olds' performance on 1- versus 2-solution problems having different configurations of irrelevant information. Experiments 2 and 3 extend the possible sources of indeterminacy from 2 to 4 and vary the amount of consistent, inconsistent, and to-be-discovered evidence. Our results show that 4- and 5-year-old children readily give "Can tell" responses to determinate problems, as well as "Can't tell" responses when they think that the evidence warrants such a response. In addition, we report 2 new findings: ( a ) different children use different strategies to process determinate evidence, and these strategies, in turn, predict their performance on indeterminate problems; ( b ) evidence patterns in which a single positive instance is contrasted with 1 or more negative or unknown instances are particularly difficult to resolve. Many children use a decision rule—the Positive Capture rule—that produces consistent errors on this type of problem.     

知人、知世、知法,方能知境--古典诗歌意境谈

所谓意境，是作者用形象思维的方法，把生活反映在作品中而形成的一种艺术境界，解读诗歌的过程，也就是进入诗的意境的过程。为此，我们必须知其人，知其世，知其法，才能进入诗歌的艺术境界，与诗人产生情感共鸣，并获得美的享受和智慧的启迪。     

Knowing and teaching science: the constructivist paradox

This paper addresses the parallel between the changes in students' and teachers' learning advocated by constructivist science educators. It begins with a summary of the epistemology of constructivism and uses a vignette drawn from a set of case studies to explore the impact of a constructivist science in‐service programme on an experienced and formal elementary science teacher. Judged by constructivist standards, the teacher described in the vignette makes very little progress. The irony of applying a constructivist critique to his work, however, is that it fails to treat the teachers' imperfect knowledge of teaching with the same respect as constructivists treat students' imperfect learning of science. The remainder of the paper explores this constructivist paradox, and suggests that‐like students' knowledge of science‐teachers' knowledge of constructivist science teaching is likely to grow through slow and gradual re‐formation of their established understanding of classroom theory and practice.     

Structural equation modeling: Back to basics

Major technological advances incorporated into structural equation modeling (SEM) computer programs now make it possible for practitioners who are basically unfamiliar with the purposes and limitations of SEM to use this tool within their research contexts. The current move by program developers to market more user friendly software packages is a welcomed trend in the social and behavioral science research community. The quest to simplify the data analysis step in the research process has—at least with regard to SEM—created a situation that allows practitioners to apply SEM but forgetting, knowingly ignoring, or most dangerously, being ignorant of some basic philosophical and statistical issues that must be addressed before sound SEM analyses should be conducted. This article focuses on some of the almost forgotten topics taken here from each step in the SEM process: model conceptualization, identification and parameter estimation, and data‐model fit assessment and model modification. The main objective is to raise awareness among researchers new to SEM of a few basic but key philosophical and statistical issues. These should be addressed before launching into any one of the new generation of SEM software packages and being led astray by the seemingly irresistible temptation to prematurely start “playing” with the data.     

懂得知足

The way to contentment is to learn how to accept what we can't alter(改变,改动). Let me tell you how this les-son was brought home to 2 me,even if 3 onlyin a small way.     

Curiosity and Acquaintance: Ways of Knowing

Curiosity has rightly received much attention in epistemology and educational research. Although, through the centuries, it has been regarded with a degree of ambivalence, the trend now is towards its championing as an intellectual or epistemic virtue. The present discussion juxtaposes it against a contrasting way of knowing, which I refer to as knowledge by acquaintance. The notion of acquaintance pursued here parts company with Bertrand Russell's adoption of the expression, taking up instead a more ordinary use of the term. It is suggested that both curiosity and knowledge by acquaintance can present problems. Working through an example drawn from Stephen Poliakoff's film Close My Eyes, the paper seeks to reappraise the value of knowing by acquaintance for epistemology and for educational practice and research.     

Knowing in practice: re-conceptualising vocational expertise

The following re-conceptualisation of vocational expertise is premised on reconciling contributions from cognitive psychology with those from social and cultural theories of thinking and acting. Relations between the individuals acting and the social practice in which they act are proposed as bases for knowing and performance — knowing in practice. Domains of knowledge are held to be products of reciprocal and interpretative construction arising from individuals' engagement in social practice, rather than being abstracted disciplinary knowledge or disembedded sociocultural tools. The construction of the individuals' domains of vocational practice is constituted reciprocally through their participation at work. Some implications for curriculum are also proposed.     

Anxieties of Knowing

There is a lack of writing on the issue of the education rights of people with disabilities by authors of any theoretical persuasion. While the deficiency of theory may be explained by a variety of historical, philosophical and practical considerations, it is a deficiency which must be addressed. Otherwise, any statement of rights rings out as hollow rhetoric unsupported by sound reason and moral rectitude. This paper attempts to address this deficiency in education rights theory by postulating a communitarian theory of the education rights of people with disabilities. The theory is developed from communitarian writings on the role of education in democratic society. The communitarian school, like the community within which it nests, is inclusive. Schools both reflect and model the shape of communitarian society and have primary responsibility for teaching the knowledge and virtues which will allow citizens to belong to and function within society. Communitarians emphasise responsibilities, however, as the corollary of rights and may require the individual good to yield to the community good when the hard cases arise. The article not only explains the basis of the right to an inclusive education, therefore, but also engages with the difficult issue of when such a right may not be enforceable.