A Model of Future-Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation

This article presents a theoretically grounded model of motivation and self-regulation that places personally valued future goals at its core. We attempt to integrate two lines of theorizing and research that have been relatively independent of one another: the social–cognitive perspective on self-regulation (e.g., Bandura, A., 1986) and theories of more future-oriented self-regulation (e.g., Markus, H., and Nurius, P., Am. Psychol. 41: 954–969, 1986; 1986; Nutin, J., Motivation, Planning, and Action: A Relational Theory of Behavior Dynamics, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1984; Raynor, J. O., Motivation and Achievement, Winston, & Sons, New York, Chap. 7, pp. 121–154, 1974). We argue that personally valued future goals influence proximal self-regulation through their impact in the development of proximal subgoals leading to future goal attainment. The development of a system of proximal subgoals increases the likelihood that proximal tasks are perceived as instrumental to attaining future goals. Proximal tasks that are perceived as instrumental to reaching personally valued future goals have greater overall incentive value and meaning than proximal tasks lacking this instrumental relationship, and their impact on task engagement is correspondingly greater. Research supporting these claims is reviewed and the implications of this model of future-oriented self-regulation for research and intervention are discussed.     

Modeling student performance in diagnostic tasks: A decade of evolution

Since 1976 the authors have been involved in an evolving research and development program focusing on the application of computer-based simulation to diagnostic training in technical environments. Eight simulation-oriented training systems are used to describe the authors' understanding of and approach to student diagnosis. Each of the systems described capitalized on experimental and/or empirical findings from previous experiences. The article describes how design decisions were driven first by research findings and then by the reality of building effective computer-based training systems within the constraints of operational environments. The paper on which this article is based was presented at the Cognitive Skill Acquisition Workshop, Air Force Armstrong Laboratory Human Resources Directorate, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, in July 1990. It is also published in Regian, W. J., & Shute, V. J. (Eds). (1992).Cognitive approaches to automated instruction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.     

Exploring the galaxy question: the influence of situation and first principles on designers’ judgments about useful instructional methods

Merrill’s (Education Tech Research Dev 50(3):43–59, 2002, First principles of instruction. In: Reigeluth CM, Carr-Chellman A (eds) Instructional-design theories and models: building a common knowledge base, vol III. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 41–56, 2009) first principles have become ubiquitous in the instructional design literature and in the syllabi of instructional design graduate programs. Some consider first principles to be universal, that they are applicable to all instructional situations. To examine this closer, this research examines the galaxy question posed by Reigeluth and Carr-Chellman (Situational principles of instruction. In: Reigeluth CM, Carr-Chellman A (eds) Instructional-design theories and models: building a common knowledge base, vol III. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 57–68, 2009a), which hypothesizes that universal principles and/or methods of instruction are unlikely. To examine the galaxy question, and to replicate and generalize instructional theory findings from previous research, this research asked two groups of instructional designers (one group from an Introductory instructional design course, and another group in a Capstone course) to rate the usefulness of 26 instructional methods for No Conditions (values), Situation (first principles), and Scenarios (rich conditions). The results show no significant difference in values about methods between the two groups, suggesting that the source of designer values comes from individual learning experiences, and not dominant group socialization as predicted. Furthermore, the results replicate and generalize findings from prior research. Overall, the results suggest that first principles are not universal, and the researcher suggests that another first principle be added to Merrill’s first principles model to better represent the interests of the affective domain.

     

Self-regulation,self-Control,and management training transfer

Kuhl (1996, Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Serie Motivation und Emotion, Bd. 4, Motivation, Volition und Handlung (pp. 665–765). Göttingen: Hogrefe) differentiates between two modes of action control: self-regulation and self-control. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relevance of self-regulation and self-control in management training transfer. Three hypotheses were derived from Kuhl's theory. The first is that self-regulators remember intentions better than self-controllers. The second is that self-regulation is associated with positive emotions, whereas self-control is associated with negative emotions. The final hypothesis is that self-regulation increases the success of training transfer, whereas self-control impedes the success of training transfer. To test these hypotheses, a longitudinal field study was conducted with 82 managers participating in two 2-day training sessions. Self-regulation and self-control were measured at the outset of the training session using the Volitional Components Inventory (VCI) (Kuhl & Fuhrmann, 1998, Lifespan perspectives an motivation and control (pp. 15–49). Hillsdale; NJ: Erlbaum). The dependent variables — intention memory, emotions, intention realization, and criteria fulfillment — were assessed three months after the course. The results corroborate Hypotheses 1 and 2; partial support was found for Hypothesis 3. Discussing these results, several suggestions for improving managers’ self-regulation are proposed.     

Relationship maintenance behaviors

Canary, D. J., & Dainton, M. (Eds.) (2003). Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.     

A structural equation model of conceptual change in physics

A model of conceptual change in physics was tested on introductory‐level, college physics students. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypothesized relationships among variables linked to conceptual change in physics including an approach goal orientation, need for cognition, motivation, and course grade. Conceptual change in physics was determined using gains from pre‐ to post‐administration of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI). Results indicated that need for cognition and approach goals had a significant influence on motivation. Motivation influenced change scores on the FCI both directly, and indirectly, through course grade. Finally, course grade directly influenced conceptual change. The implications of these findings for future research and developing students' conceptual change in physics are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 901–918, 2011     

认知理论框架下的转喻与概念整合理论关联研究

在认知语言学的理论框架下,对转喻与概念整合理论进行关联研究,其研究主要体现在以下几个方面:转喻的认知分析,概念整合理论的认知阐释,转喻与概念整合理论的相互渗透。     

How Future Goals Enhance Motivation and Learning in Multicultural Classrooms

This review examines the impact of future goals on motivation and learning in multicultural classrooms. Across cultures, schooling is a future-oriented investment. Studies of minority students' school achievement have advanced future goals as a crucial protective factor in the face of frequent school failure. At the same time, cultural discontinuities and limited opportunities in minority students' school careers may weaken the motivational force of the future. Our review of the seemingly contradictory evidence on the role of the future in minority students' school achievement calls for a more fine-grained motivational theory of the future. Specifically, converging findings support conceptual distinctions (a) between positive and negative perceptions of the instrumentality of school tasks for future goals, and (b) between internal and external regulation of classroom behaviour by future goals. Thus, positive instrumentality and internal regulation enhance intrinsic motivation and adaptive learning in multicultural classrooms. We conclude that the motivational force of future goals can be generalized to minority students and that it depends crucially on perceived instrumentality and internal regulation.     

原型范畴理论视角下的转喻认知研究

目前,国内外一些学者主要从概念邻近性角度对转喻进行认知研究。他们从认知角度对以Jakobson为代表的结构主义提出的空间邻近性转喻观进行了拓展。原型范畴理论转喻观则把转喻看作是以空间上"部分-整体"邻近性为原型的范畴。虽然原型范畴理论视角下的转喻认知研究对当前的转喻研究具有重要的启示意义,但仍有待继续深入探讨。     

A Perspective on Strategy Research: Progress and Prospects

Our goal in this article is to present a broad perspective on the state of strategy research and to consider, in brief, the prospects for strategy research in the future. We first draw on the literature in an effort to delineate the attributes of strategies and to consider several dimensions of strategies that dot the research landscape. Next, we distinguish strategic performance from skillful behavior. With this definitional framework in place, we survey changes that might be evidenced in learners' strategic processing over time, as a consequence of knowledge and motivation, as well as other personal factors. Additionally, we explore aspects of the task and the context that serve as change agents in strategy development, including domain, time, and instructional support. We conclude with a brief reflection on issues that deserve attention in research and practice in the next decade, to assist strategies instruction in reaching its potential as a part of integrated, validated instructional practices.     

Perceiving school performance as instrumental to future goal attainment: Effects on graded performance

Three studies examined the perception among college students that school performance is instrumental to future goal attainment. Study 1, an exploratory study involving free report goal assessments, indicated that perceived instrumentality (PI) is a subjectively salient aspect of college students’ achievement motivation. Study 2 provided evidence for the structural distinctiveness of PI from self-efficacy, task value, and the achievement goals, and also demonstrated that PI prospectively predicts unique variance in graded performance beyond that accounted for by these motivational variables. Study 3 demonstrated that PI prospectively predicts unique variance in graded performance independently of future time orientation. We argue that a comprehensive understanding of the purposes underlying classroom achievement behavior requires consideration of how school performance may be perceived as instrumental to the attainment of valued life goals.     

Motivation and social cognitive theory

This article discusses motivation from the perspective of Bandura’s social cognitive theory. Motivation refers to processes that instigate and sustain goal-directed activities. Motivational processes are personal/internal influences that lead to outcomes such as choice, effort, persistence, achievement, and environmental regulation. Motivation has been a prominent feature of social cognitive theory from the early modeling research to the current conception involving agency. The conceptual framework of reciprocal interactions is discussed, after which research is summarized on behavioral, environmental, and personal influences on motivation. Key internal motivational processes are goals and self-evaluations of progress, self-efficacy, social comparisons, values, outcome expectations, attributions, and self-regulation. Critical issues confronting the theory include diversity and culture, methodology, and long-term effects of interventions. The article concludes with additional recommendations for future research on contexts, conceptual clarity, and technology.     

基于效用的西方激励理论的再认识

在介绍西方激励理论兴起和演进过程的基础上,从效用的新视角重新审视西方激励理论。西方激励理论对激励对象效用价值研究的长处与对激励对象个体输入的研究不足这两个基本方面。在如何通过满足个体需求来调动个体为实现组织目标而努力工作时,引入了效用价值,使得该理论得到了人们的认可,但是西方激励理论对个体输入研究不足,未考虑个体输入的质量和数量对激励作用的影响。因而其研究仍需拓展和深化。     

Book review

Moshman, D. (1999) Adolescent psychological development: Rationality, morality and identity. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. (141 pp., $24.50 pb, ISBN 0–8058–2658–3)     

大学生过去时间洞察力的理论构想

过去时间洞察力是个体对过去时间的认知、情绪体验和行动上所表现出来的相对稳定的心理特征，研究过去时间洞察力具有重要的意义。本研究在对过去时间洞察力概念界定和前人研究中存在的问题进行分析的基础上，通过文献分析和开放式问卷调查，提出大学生过去时间洞察力的理论维度结构的初步构想：大学生过去时间洞察力是一个3维度（过去时间认知、过去情绪体验、过去行动）、11因素（过去时间价值评价、过去时间压力评价、过去时间管理评价、沉湎过去、反思过去、正面过去、负面过去、行动目标性、行动计划性、行动守时性、目标合适性）的结构模型。     

概念整合理论视阈中的英语谚语

通过运用Fauconnier和Turner等人提出的概念整合理论从认知的角度对英语谚语的意义构建进行分析,旨在说明概念的合成是一种具有普遍性的认知活动,具有极强的认知解释力。以此,为英语谚语的研究提供一种新的研究视角和方法。     

从语用视角看隐喻的理解

隐喻作为一种间接表达现象,普遍存在于语言交流之中,语言学家从不同角度予以描述、解释。本文试图将语用学中的合作原则、间接言语行为理论及关联理论运用于隐喻的理解过程,看隐喻在语境中怎样被接受者(听者/读者)理解、释义。     

Reviews

Writing/Disciplinarity: A Sociohistoric Account of Literate Activity in the Academy. Paul A. Prior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998. 333 pages.

Exploring the Rhetoric of International Professional Communication: An Agenda for Teachers and Researchers. Ed. Carl R. Lovitt with Dixie Goswami. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., 1999. 326 pages.     

Effects of Time Perspective on Student Motivation: Introduction to a Special Issue

This article introduces this special issue by establishing a conceptual foundation for thinking about how students' conceptions of time influence motivation and achievement. In particular, we describe how students' perceptions of the utility of what they are learning for their futures can positively affect motivation. Temporal perspective is tied to current models of motivation and learning such as intrinsic motivation and self-regulation. We present 2 purposes for organizing this issue: (a) initiating discussion and research about how conceptions of the future influence and are influenced by students' motivation and (b) bridging gaps in the field between American and international perspectives on learning and motivation. We conclude by introducing the 6 articles that comprise this special issue of Educational Psychology Review.