Explaining Gender Differences in the Perception of Support Availability: The Mediating Effects of Construct Availability and Accessibility

Perceived support availability (PSA), a general belief about the likelihood that social support will be available when needed, is associated with numerous processes and outcomes of supportive communication. Currently, however, there is little understanding of the factors that contribute to this belief. Numerous studies have reported gender differences in PSA, with women generally indicating that they see support as more available than do men; in turn, gender differences in PSA have been cited to explain gender differences in the production and interpretation of supportive messages. In an effort to explain gender differences in PSA and, more broadly, understand the social-cognitive factors that contribute to individual differences in PSA, this article proposes and reports a test of a theoretical model that treats PSA as the outcome of the availability and accessibility of cognitive schemata for construing social situations. Participants (150 men and 271 women) completed instruments providing assessments of PSA, construct availability (cognitive complexity), and construct accessibility (expressive and instrumental orientations). Bootstrap procedures for the simultaneous assessment of multiple mediators found that construct accessibility generally was a stronger mediator of gender differences in PSA than construct availability. However, a cooperative suppression effect was found for 1 index of construct accessibility, complicating the interpretation of mediation effects.     

Sex as an Intergroup Arena: How Women and Gender Minorities Conceptualize Sex,Sexuality, and Sexual Health

We present a qualitative analysis of 186 women and gender minorities’ definitions of sex, sexuality, and sexual health, as well as their accounts of how those concepts changed for them over time. Participants describe these phenomena as communicative, layered, and related to identity. Definitions of sex produced themes of intimacy, consent, and who is involved; definitions of sexuality involved sexual orientation, sexual expression, and personal identity; definitions of sexual health included communication skills, an emphasis on physical and emotional health, and prevention and maintenance. Using the Communication Theory of Identity as a lens to guide our analysis and discussion, we argue that sex, sexuality, and sexual health are intergroup arenas that require an acknowledgment of group membership.     

大数据在图书馆中落地的现状、困境和对策

当前,大数据在图书馆等许多行业实际落地还面临着诸多困境,如对大数据理念认识不到位、基础数据缺失、技术和产品瓶颈以及数据隐私挑战等。文章调研图书馆大数据的研究和实践现状,分析当前大数据在图书馆应用的局限性,从实施规划、平台选型、数据体系和运营保障等层面给出大数据在图书馆建设和服务落地的策略和建议。     

The Typhoid Marys of the Left: Gender,Race, and the Broadcast Blacklist

Scholarly accounts of gender, race, and television in the 1950s have mainly focused on the ideological content of programming that ultimately made it onto the air. This research has played an important role in reckoning with the political and cultural legacies of 1950s television. But the focus on ideology and content has prevented us from fully understanding the repressive nature of anti-communist thought and action, both in terms of the powerful ways in which the broadcast blacklist made the production of progressive themes and images impossible, and in terms of how the fear that followed from the blacklist repressed the memory that such alternatives had ever existed. Counter to the images of white suburban women we have inherited from the 1950s, the first two casualties of the broadcast blacklist were professional women who were politically active—white actor Jean Muir and African American musician Hazel Scott—whose involvement in civil rights was deemed evidence of their communist sympathies. This essay builds on earlier research on gender and 1950s television not by analyzing the absence of strong women, people of color, immigrants, and working-class families from the televisual landscape, but by looking at the elimination of the very cultural workers writing, agitating, and fighting to broadcast these representations.     

The Men and Women of non-no: Gender,Race, and Hybridity in Two Japanese Magazines

This article compares the hybrid constructions of race, gender, and culture offered by two Japanese magazines very similar in nature, although one is targeted at men, the other at women. Locating non-no and Men's non-no within a larger transcultural discourse of commodified cultural representation, this comparison reveals significant differences in the magazines’ constructions. While the magazines’ hybridities may offer opportunities for subversive gestures, their representations of race and gender are ultimately likely to legitimize longstanding power relations, both globally and locally.     

Television,Gender Norms,and Tanning Attitudes and Intentions of Young Men and Women

This study investigated whether and how exposure to tanned images on television is related to tanning attitudes and intentions among men and women, using the influence of presumed influence model (Gunther & Storey, 2003 Gunther , A. C. , & Storey , J. D. ( 2003 ). The Influence of presumed influence . Journal of Communication , 53 , 199 – 215 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The model showed a better fit with the male rather than female sample. In addition, among males, exposure to tanned-men images on television was directly associated with protanning attitudes and was indirectly associated with protanning intentions. Corresponding direct and indirect associations were not found among females. Instead, the results suggest females may project their own protanning intentions into the estimation of protanning norms among male and female peers. These results suggest the social perceptual processes underlying the link between television exposure and tanning tendencies of men and women may differ.     

Cads,Dads, and Magazines: Women's Sexual Preferences and Articles about Sex and Relationships

The framing of sexual content in women's magazines reflect two different approaches to the selection of a romantic partner: the selection of (a) a stable partner for a long-term relationship vs. (b) an attractive rogue for a fling. The effects of such framing on women's partner preferences were explored in this laboratory experiment. Women with different relationship goals were randomly assigned to read an article from a women's lifestyle magazine (Cosmopolitan) that framed sex in either relational or recreational terms before completing explicit and implicit measures of partner trait preferences. Article frame did affect the importance of appearance-related traits in a potential romantic partner as well as implicit preferences for frame-consistent partner traits. Results are discussed in terms of media framing effects.     

Exploring the Communication of Evangelical Families: The Association Between Evangelical Gender Role Ideology and Family Communication Patterns

This study examines the relationship between the Evangelical gender role ideologies termed Complementarianism and Egalitarianism and conversation- and conformity-orientation communication patterns stemming from the general theory of family communication. A nonrandom group (N = 124) of Evangelical parents were surveyed using a cross-sectional, self-report survey design. Specific differences were discovered in the perceptions of communication in families for individuals holding conservative Complementarian and progressive Egalitarian gender role ideologies. Evangelical parents who endorsed a more Egalitarian family gender role ideology reported greater use of conversation-oriented communication patterns in their families whereas respondents holding a more Complementarian family gender role ideology reported more use of conformity-oriented communication patterns in their families.     

Location,Location, Location: The Impact of IM Widget Placement

In an attempt to meet ever-changing users’ needs, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) Libraries implemented virtual reference services such as e-mail, chat, and, most recently, instant messaging, in increments and via various services and vendors. Each option consistently met with a lukewarm response and less-than-desirable reference transaction numbers. After investigating the virtual reference experiences of other academic institutions, and after the advent of a more flexible Webpage design, the UNL Libraries decided to pilot strategic placement of the QuestionPoint Instant Message Qwidget on multiple pages of the library Website. Data collected in the Fall 2008 and 2009 semesters test the hypothesis that 2009 sessions utilizing the strategically placed Qwidget resulted in significantly higher sessions than 2008. The strategic placement of the Qwidget resulted in a drastic increase in reference interactions in the 2009 academic year when compared to the 2008 academic year. The overall increase in reference transactions, along with a consistent increase throughout the academic year, indicate that instant messaging reference service is of interest to our users, as long as placement of the service is prominent.     

(De)stabilizing Sexual Violence Discourse: Masculinization of Victimhood,Organizational Blame,and Labile Imperialism

Following calls to center nation, we analyze sexual violence discourse in the US Peace Corps. The texts we consider deploy three typical dichotomies—public/private, self/other, and agent/victim—that, in this case, reveal inconsistencies at the intersections of race and gender. We argue that these inconsistencies are evidence of lability, counterintuitive discursive shifts necessary to maintain white heteromasculine dominance. Instead of blaming individual victims of rape and assault, the masculinization of victimhood shifts culpability to the Peace Corps. This organizational blame maintains the moral position of the US and legitimates imperialism. By marking these instabilities, we trace the solidity and vulnerability of sexual violence discourse as it organizes global power.     

Suffering in Silence: The Resilience of Pakistan’s Female Journalists to Combat Sexual Harassment,Threats and Discrimination

ABSTRACT

Pakistan’s journalists confront severe safety risks across the country and impunity to crimes against them allows the perpetrators to go unpunished. Now the country is recognized as one of the deadliest places for working journalists in the world. Given this situation, the Pakistani female journalists are more vulnerable because they are not only prone to safety risks and sexual harassment, but also they face gender discrimination when it comes to their recruitment and equal pay-scale. In the past decade, there has been an alarming increase in attacks on female journalists and incidents of their sexual harassment in Pakistan. Notwithstanding the growing plague of sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the country, the resilience of female journalists to work within a threatening and prejudiced environment has not yet fully explored and analysed. Therefore, drawing on the postcolonial feminist theory, this study aims to investigate the Pakistani female journalists’ lived experiences of sexual harassment, threats and discrimination. The study also analyses the impacts of sexual harassment, threats and gender discrimination on the country’s female journalists. To achieve the aforementioned aims, this study uses the qualitative methods of in-depth interviews and focus groups discussion, and offers a thematic analysis of qualitative data.     

Sex and the City-State: A Study of Sexual Discourse in Singaporean Women's Magazines

Singapore's print media now presents frank and open discussions of sexuality, signalling what appears to be a liberating overhaul of the strict moral codes that have restricted media content for decades. The intensely competitive magazine market is leading the charge. This paper examines how magazines such as The Singapore Women's Weekly reframe discourses on sexuality to allow them to operate within Singapore's tightly controlled media system. Drawing from a Foucauldian approach to discourse and censorship, and broader themes of global capitalism and state rule, this paper contends that despite immense pressures to allow the print media and its wealth-generating advertisers a high degree of autonomy in terms of content, Singapore's sexual revolution operates within parameters set by a government keen to strike a balance between maintaining ‘traditional’ moral values and a more pragmatic approach toward sexuality centred, in part, on attempts to promote ‘civic nationalism’ and to arrest the declining birth-rate.     

我国财经报刊数字化分析——以《中国经营报》、《第一财经日报》和《经济观察报》为例

本文主要从网站、数据库、手机报三个方面分析我国三大财经报刊——《第一财经日报》、《经济观察报》和《中国经营报》的数字化现状,最后对我国财经类报刊在数字化道路上的方向和模式提出了建议．     

中国第一个拥有个性化定制地图的记者 --《张继民远征路线图》分析

个性化地图是指以反映个人经历为主要内容的地图。个性化地图有两类:一类是由出版社决定出版的。另一类是由个人定制,经出版社认可出版的。以报道科技探险著称的新华社高级记者张继民,是我国新闻界第一个拥有这类地图的人。《张继民远征路线图》的出版,将为广大新闻工作者、旅游爱好者、科学探险者等的传播活动开拓一条新路。本文是作者对《张继民远征路线图》的评介和思考。     

创先争优在图书馆服务中的应用

介绍北京理工大学图书馆党总支按照中央关于在窗口单位和服务行业深入开展"为民服务创先争优活动"的意见和要求,紧密结合新时期新形势下对大学图书馆工作的新要求,立足工作实际,采取有效手段和途径,通过党建思想政治工作和文化建设营造氛围,引导员工转变观念,凝聚共识,在转变服务态度、增强服务能力、提高服务水平方面的主要做法以及取得的效果。     

The Effect of Gender and Minority Status on Salary in Private and Public ARL Libraries

The purpose of this study was to identify pay disparities within gender and race using private and public Association of Research Libraries (ARL) libraries as a lens. In this study, 44 ARL libraries participated, leading to 1099 usable responses to our survey. The findings indicate that race and gender pay disparities are larger at private libraries than at public libraries. However, disparity levels at both public and private ARL libraries are smaller than the national averages for all professions and continue to shrink.     

First aid for flood-damaged paper using saltwater: The inhibiting effect of saltwater on mold growth

Abstract

With the aim of developing a new easy-to-use method for rescuing flood-damaged paper, the effect of saltwater on the inhibition of fungal growth on paper was investigated. This procedure could be used instead of, or assisted by freeze drying. Cellulose-digesting Trichoderma reesei, three types of fungi representative of fungi growing on paper (T. reesei, Aspergillus terreus, and Aureobasidium pullulans) and various naturally airborne fungi were cultured on cellulosic materials in liquid media containing artificial seawater with different salt concentrations. The addition of salts successfully inhibited the growth of T. reesei on microcrystalline cellulose at the concentration of 3.2% (m/m) or higher. The critical salt concentration, 3.2%, is within the general range of salt content in seawater. Other solutions of salts similar to sodium chloride also inhibited fungal growth. Although the observed growth-inhibiting effect was attributed to the high osmotic pressure of the salt solution, physiological effects depending on ion species used were also considered to be possible. The growth of all three types of fungi on copy paper was inhibited effectively when the salt concentration was increased. The growth of various fungi on pure cellulose, with enough oxygen supplied to pores, was completely inhibited (as assessed by visual examination) for 24 days at salt concentrations of 3.5% (m/m) or greater. The fact that the effect of saltwater on cellulosic materials was observed even under optimum medium conditions implies that fungi would be considerably inhibited on flood-damaged paper immersed in saltwater. This method is a promising first aid measure when circumstances do not allow for flood-damaged paper to be dried immediately.     

The Effects of Profanity in Violent Video Games on Players' Hostile Expectations,Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings,and Other Responses

Although effects of violence in video games have been researched extensively, no empirical studies have examined effects of profanity, a form of verbal aggression, in video games. An experiment (N = 321) investigated effects of profanity used by protagonist and antagonist characters in a “first-person shooter” game on players' hostile expectations, accessibility of aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and other responses. Profanity used by both protagonist and antagonist characters increased hostile expectations, a direct precursor to aggressive behaviors. Findings suggest that profanity in video games may affect aggressive outcomes, emphasizing the need for more research investigating effects of profanity in media.     

同年不同月份发表的论文被引频次的演进规律 ——兼谈优先数字出版的价值和局限性

为了探讨同年不同月份发表的论文在以后各年度内被引频次的演进规律,分别以一个学科(自然地理)、一个主题(糖尿病(内分泌与代谢))和一种期刊(《Journal of Biological Chemistry》)2005年发表的论文为研究对象,根据发表月份的不同,将这些论文分为6组,1—2、3—4、5—6、7—8、9—10、11—12月份发表的论文分别为Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组,对6组论文不同年度内的被引频次进行统计分析。结果表明:自然地理学科和糖尿病(内分泌与代谢)论文发表5年内,不同组别的论文被引频次总体差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),之后,差异失去统计学意义;《Journal of Biological Chemistry》发表的论文7年内不同组别的论文被引频次总体差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),7年后组间差异失去统计学意义。无论学科、主题还是期刊,其论文被引频次都遵循同一演进规律:同年不同月份发表的论文前几年其被引频次存在明显差异,但随着时间的推移,仅仅发表月份不同,论文被引频次趋于一致。这一结果说明,优先数字出版能够提高期刊的影响因子,但对论文最终被引次数无明显影响。     

学术代表作时间周期、首发载体及题材类型特征研究——以图灵奖为例

[目的/意义]代表作在学术评价中的全面推行是科研管理工作的关注热点。其规律性研究有助于推进代表作评价的理论构建,为国家科研评价改革提供决策参考。[研究设计/方法]选取图灵奖得主代表作为研究对象,基于文献计量和非参数检验方法,分析图灵奖代表作时间周期、首发载体及题材类型等的特征规律。[结论/发现]①随时间推移,代表作从发布到被图灵奖认可所需时间存在逐渐上升的整体趋势。②不同首发载体的代表作完成年龄和被认可所需时间可能会存在一定差异,在会议类和发明类代表作中尤为显著。③部分代表作的题材类型对代表作的完成年龄和被认可所需时间具有相对显著影响。[创新/价值]以图灵奖为切入点,分析获奖者学术代表作特征,为相关学术评价制度的设立提供参考和借鉴。