Knowing in action: Beyond communities of practice

This paper engages with the recent turn in the social sciences towards communities of practice as a driver of learning and knowledge generation across a variety of different working environments. While agreeing with the broad reinstatement of situated social practice in thinking on the dynamics of knowledge capitalism, the paper takes issue with the increasingly homogeneous and instrumentalist use of the term communities of practice to encapsulate ‘knowing in action’. On the basis of an extensive review of the available literature, the paper argues for the importance of differentiating between different varieties of knowing in action. The paper notes the differences - in organisation, spatial dynamics, innovation outcomes, and knowledge processes - between four modes: craft or task-based knowing; epistemic or high creativity knowing; professional knowing; and virtual knowing. The proposed typology is used to illustrate the insight gained from such analytical precision, through a discussion of the spatial configuration of knowing in action, long assumed to require spatial proximity. It is shown that spatial and relational proximity - which can be struck at a distance - should not be treated as one and the same.     

From hackers to start-ups: Innovation commons and local entrepreneurial activity

In hacker communities, tech-savvy pioneers collect and share information on nascent technologies. The pool of information shared among users reduces uncertainty about digital technology, but, first and foremost, it reveals entrepreneurial opportunities to users in the community, which is a central tenet of innovation commons theory. In this paper, we are first to explore the role of local hackerspaces for digital entrepreneurship in German counties using cross-sectional time series data. We find that longer-lasting hackerspaces are strongly correlated with the level of digital entrepreneurship in regions, particularly in agglomerations and urban contexts.     

基于Android平台的通知发布系统设计与开发

传统的通知发布系统,具有一定的局限性,不能够确保目标对象都能阅读到通知的内容。本文结合现今的趋势和用户的喜好,开发出一个基于Android平台的通知发布系统,这对于提高通知的时效性和传播性有很大的作用,确保通知内容能被每个通知对象所阅读。使用Android的UI设计、操作和代码的编写等相应的步骤,完成通知内容的输入、修改、查询、删除、统计等操作,通过Web作为服务端与Android客户端进行连接,达到通知对象阅读新闻的目的。     

The performativity of routines: Theorising the influence of artefacts and distributed agencies on routines dynamics

Drawing from advances in Organisational Studies and recent debates within Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Financial Markets, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that characterises the mutual adaptation between formal routines and rules, on one hand, and actual performances, on the other, as iterative cycles of framing, overflowing and reframing of knowledge inputs and actions. This framework, combined with the ethnographic observation of the ‘engineering freeze’ process at a leading automotive manufacturer, allows us to advance Routine Theory by (1) capturing the dynamics of convergence and divergence between procedures and performances; and (2) improving our understanding of the influence of artefacts and distributed agencies on routine evolution.     

房地产管理类课程实训环节的设计与实施

伴随着我国教育教学的不断发展,也相应地促进了我国高校各个专业课程的不断优化,进而使专业课程设置更加科学,更加有利于培养学生的综合素质。在教学中,教师也更加注重采用科学的教学手段促进学生进一步发展。因此,本文重点探讨了房地产管理类课程实训环节的设计和实施。学生通过进行实训,提高专业技能,为日后进入企业工作打下良好的基础。     

大学音乐教育对生命教育的审美与觉知的开启

当代青年人在“三观”中出现种种问题,与生命教育的缺位有关。生命教育是教导通过审美与觉知追寻爱与幸福的教育,音乐教育通过听觉感官获得精神愉悦的审美感受,并通过对内在情绪的觉知思考正确的生活态度,最终目的与生命教育一致,因此可以利用音乐教育从节奏和冥想、以乐会友、审美觉知等方式加强生命教育。     

Social and interactional practices for disseminating current awareness information in an organisational setting

Current awareness services are designed to keep users informed about recent developments based around user need profiles. In organisational settings, they may operate through both electronic and social interactions aimed at delivering information that is relevant, pertinent and current. Understanding these interactions can reveal the tensions in current awareness dissemination and help inform ways of making services more effective and efficient. We report an in-depth, observational study of electronic current awareness use within a large London law firm. The study found that selection, re-aggregation and forwarding of information by multiple actors gives rise to a complex sociotechnical distribution network. Knowledge management staff act as a layer of “intelligent filters” sensitive to complex, local information needs; their distribution decisions address multiple situational relevance factors in a situation fraught with information overload and restrictive time-pressures. Their decisions aim to optimise conflicting constraints of recall, precision and information quantity. Critical to this is the use of dynamic profile updates which propagate back through the network through formal and informal social interactions. This supports changes to situational relevance judgements and so allows the network to ‘self-tune’. These findings lead to design requirements, including that systems should support rapid assessment of information items against an individual’s interests; that it should be possible to organise information for different subsequent uses; and that there should be back-propagation from information consumers to providers, to tune the understanding of their information needs.     

若干西方国家评估规范的特点与模式

对北美、欧洲及大洋洲等一些国家评估协会以及欧盟委员会、OECD组织的评估规范进行了系统综述,介绍了各国评估规范的发展历史、制定过程,及其相互之间的关系,并且进行了对比分析。最后,归纳了这些国家评估规范的不同特点与三种基本模式。     

Challenges of scholarly publications on the Web to the evaluation of science—A comparison of author visibility on the Web and in print journals

This article reveals different patterns of scholarly communication in the XML research field on the Web and in print journals in terms of author visibility, and challenges the common practice of exclusively using the ISI’s databases to obtain citation counts as scientific performance indicators. Results from this study demonstrate both the importance and the feasibility of the use of multiple citation data sources in citation analysis studies of scholarly communication, and provide evidence for a developing “two tier” scholarly communication system.     

虚拟实践社区中知识转移的语义交互模型研究

为了提高虚拟实践社区知识转移的质量,促进社区内的知识共享和创新,提出了一种基于语义级的虚拟实践社区知识转移模型构建方法。从虚拟实践社区区别于实践社区和虚拟社区的特殊性出发,运用混合本体方法构建了虚拟实践社区的知识集成框架;构建不同类型的知识转移消息的形式化模型,进而从内容感知的角度,结合相似度计算给出知识转移参与者的选择算法。基于本体构建的社区知识存储模型有利于用户间从语义层次上进行交互,提高社区内知识转移的效率和准确率。     

论我国图书馆数字化的版权困境及对策

图书馆数字化传播面临版权障碍。对涉及版权的作品,图书馆只可向馆内读者开放其中极少部分,大量作品不能向馆内读者、更不能向馆外读者传播,致使数字图书馆存储量大、传播检索方便的优势被大大限制了。建议适当放宽图书馆数字化作品传播的范围,扩大公告许可使用的对象,同时完善配套措施和实施机制,既使图书馆数字化进程能加快,同时又恰当保护版权人的利益能实现。     

高职机械设计与制造专业课程体系建设探讨

在专业建设中,课程体系的构建是实现人才培养目标的关键。本文结合机械设计与制造专业的课程体系的建设,阐述了高职高专课程体系建设的思路、原则和步骤。     

图书馆开展数字人文服务研究综述

[目的/意义]旨在为提升我国图书馆数字人文服务水平提供参考。[方法/过程]对国内外图书馆开展数字人文服务的文献进行调研与分析,采取文献检索、网络调查、归纳总结等方式,对图书馆开展数字人文服务的研究成果进行论述,从图书馆开展数字人文服务的思考、国内外图书馆开展数字人文服务的研究现状、图书馆开展数字人文服务的内容等方面进行深入分析。[结论/结果]提出借鉴国外图书馆开展数字人文服务研究的成熟经验,明确我国图书馆参与数字人文服务研究的发展方向。     

高校数字图书馆网络信息服务体系及评估模式探究

近些年来,我国的现代化社会经济快速发展,高校的图书馆建设和运行迎来了全新的机遇和挑战。高校图书馆应紧跟时代发展的脚步,结合实际的教学目标,为学生提供辅助教学服务;应充分应用信息技术不断革新图书馆的运行理念,建设多元化的馆藏资源,向读者用户提供人性化的服务,促进高校图书馆的全面建设。该文对高校数字图书馆网络信息服务的内涵进行了探讨,分析了构建高校数字图书馆网络信息服务体系的措施及评估模式。     

数字图书馆的云存储性能研究与研讨

首先,介绍一个开源的、免费的、可行的云环境下的数字图书馆存储构架;接下来,对云存储的关键复制技术逐一叙述,并构建数字图书馆的现实中云存储构架;最后,详细的测试和分析不同云存储之间的性能差异,探讨了数字图书馆在云环境下的存储领域的应用。     

Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries

Advances in the publishing world have emerged new models of digital library development. Open access publishing modes are expanding their presence and realize the digital library idea in various means. While user-centered evaluation of digital libraries has drawn considerable attention during the last years, these systems are currently viewed from the publishing, economic and scientometric perspectives. The present study explores the concepts of usefulness and usability in the evaluation of an e-print archive. The results demonstrate that several attributes of usefulness, such as the level and the relevance of information, and usability, such as easiness of use and learnability, as well as functionalities commonly met in these systems, affect user interaction and satisfaction.     

高职学生顶岗实习安全防范意识调查与思考

通过高职学生顶岗实习安全防范意识调查分析,提出加强大学生安全教育、开展岗前安全知识培训、培养学生良好的职业行为习惯、强化学生顶岗实习安全管理等措施,提高学生顶岗实习安全防范意识。     

History and Habit in the Mobilization of ICT Resources

Evidence demonstrates that the digital divide is deepening despite strategies mobilized worldwide to reduce it. In disadvantaged communities, beyond training and infrastructural issues, there often lies a range of cultural and historically formed relationships that affect people's adoption of ICTs. This article presents an analysis of local resident's engagement with their council's pilot project to develop a computer facility in their community center. We ask, to what extent can people in poor urban communities, once trained, be expected to volunteer to work on furthering community education and development in ICTs in their local area? Findings indicate four patterns of individual engagement with the computer project: reflexive, utilitarian, distributive, and nonparticipatory. It is argued that local people engaged with the intervention in historically patterned and locally distinctive ways that served immediate personal and pragmatic ends. They did not adopt the long-term strategic goals of the council or university.     

生物医学工程专业创新设计与实践课程建设

为进一步加强和完善生物医学工程专业创新设计与实践教学平台的建立,形成与专业核心课程体系紧密相连的实践教学环节,针对医用电子仪器和医学图像处理两门专业课程的实践教学课程建设进行探索,设置多元化的教学环节,最大限度利用实验室现有资源,对学生开放使用以培养学生创新思维和专业技能,经过在一届本科生中的应用,教学效果明显,更为学生毕业时能够成为具有较强知识更新能力和创新意识的生物医学与工程科学相结合的应用型人才奠定坚实基础。     

History and Habit in the Mobilization of ICT Resources

A healthy civil society has long been held as vital to a healthy democracy and there is interest in whether the Internet affects this linkage. This paper explores the relationships between offline and online modes of associational life and also analyzes offline and online interactions with local governments in the US context. Based on our empirical analyses of 1,203 respondents, we show that online participation is not simply an extension of offline participation, but can be distinguished in important ways. First, we find that political and community-oriented engagements cluster separately from more private-regarding engagements. Second, participants of online democratic engagement are not characterized by the SES markers associated with offline democratic engagement who are older, have higher incomes, and have lived in the community longer. Finally, we find significant links between democratic engagement with the political system and involvement with political associations (but not social and community-oriented associations).