重述作为口语纠错反馈手段的研究及延后效应简

重述是教师最频繁使用的针对口语的纠错反馈手段,有效的使用重述有助于语言精确度的提高.近年来重述在二语习得和教学领域得到了广泛的研究,包括它的本质、特点、使用频率和有效性等,其中最重要的是它的纠错目的能否被学习者识别从而促进语言学习.存在的问题是不同的研究对重述界定不同或比较含糊,对它的有效性的判断标准不够准确,缺乏长期的课堂的实证研究.本研究意在对此类研究的成果进行分析概述,并尝试在此基础上指出重述研究的重点和发展方向.     

焦虑在二语习得中对重铸效果的影响

文章阐明重铸的定义、效果等基本概念,通过研究学习者的修正性输出与焦虑的关系,揭示了语言焦虑在二语习得中对重铸效果的影响,并对我国外语教学提出相关建议从而使其在减少焦虑的负面影响下,充分发挥重铸的作用。     

Recasts Used with Preschoolers Learning English as their Second Language

This study examined linguistic recasts provided by 16 early childhood educators to preschool children learning English as a second language (EL2). Recasts are semantic and syntactic revisions of children’s utterances. The educator–child interactions were filmed during book reading and play dough activities with small groups of four children, one of whom was EL2. The EL2 children were rated by their educators as having less well-developed expressive language skills than their unilingual peers. However, despite this finding, educators provided similar rates of recasts to both groups of children. Eight EL2 children with the lowest expressive language skills demonstrated fewer uptakes of their educator’s recasts in comparison to EL2 children with higher expressive language skills. The implications of this study include increasing the rate of recasts and reducing their complexity to provide language-learning opportunities for all preschool children, especially for those learning English as a second language.     

The Role of First Language Transfer in Second Language Writing and Pedagogical Implications

The influence of first language(L1) involvement in second language(L2) writing has been a theme widely discussed since the research on L2 writing process thrived in the early 1980 s. So far extensive studies have indicated that L2 writing is a bilingual event and the use of L1 is a fairly common strategy among L2 writers. In light of this cognitive characteristic of L2 writing process,a wide range of studies have been carried out,seeking to further reveal what role L1 plays in L2 composing process and how L1 assumes its role during the process. However,there seems to be no consensus reached by the L2 writing researchers so far on whether L1 involvement facilitates or interferes L2 writing,which results in a lot of confusion and frustration in L2 writing teaching practices. Therefore,this paper tries to examine the conflicting views on the role of L1 transfer in L2 writing process and analyze the reasons and theories that may underlie this phenomenon for an attempt to elicit some pedagogical implications for future L2 writing teaching.     

试论母语在大学英语教学中的作用

母语是学习者在没有建立任何别的语言系统的条件下建立起来的第一语言系统,而外语则是在母语系统已经牢固建立的条件下建立起来的第二语言系统。学习者的母语在外语课堂上究竞起到什么作用,发挥什么影响,一直是广大外语教师关心的问题。本文旨在借助心理语言学和第二语言习得的研究成果,对母语在大学英语教学中的作用作初步的探讨。     

英汉语音正迁移研究

强调了母语对二语习得的贡献,从普遍语法理论与二语习得的研究中发现,我们对母语的干扰必须有一个新的认识:当二语学习者因缺乏目的语知识而在交际中产生困难时,他们不得不求助于母语来弥补不足.从语音方面论证了母语正迁移的作用,并结合实证调查证明了母语在英语语音习得中的正面作用.在英语语音学习中应该充分利用语言的共性,引导正迁移,增强二语学习者的信心.     

How effective are recasts in facilitating second language acquisition？

Recasts are the most frequently used in class to give corrective feedback. However, there is a hot debate about their effectiveness in facilitating second language acquisition （SLA）. The article aims to examine the effectiveness and explore ways to optimize the facilitative role of recasts in class.     

不同方言背景下中国学生对英语双元音的感知研究

二语语音习得研究表明母语(方言)对二语语音习得影响很大,二语学习者在习得二语语音时会把母语中的音素、声调等迁移到二语当中。基于此,利用母语迁移理论,对不同方言背景下中国学习者的英语双元音感知进行数据采集和分析,发现学习者在英语双元音学习中因母语干扰而形成了语音感知盲点,并据此提出,在教学中,教师应结合本地方言与英语音系进行对比分析,有针对性地帮助学生尽快建构较稳定的二语音系。     

母语思维对儿童第二语言习得的积极影响

关于母语思维与二语习得的关系,学界已有不少论述,但大多注重研究母语思维对二语习得的消极负面影响,对其积极正面影响则探讨不多。造成这一问题的关键就是认识研究的方法是机械的、片面的,而非辩证的、科学的。母语思维与二语习得具有三重关联性,即外在关联性、本质关联性和过程关联性,因此母语思维在儿童二语习得过程中,除了其消极影响外,它还有助于儿童理解、消化和吸收第二语言信息,进而帮助儿童更好地完成第二语言习得。     

写作与二语习得

写作历史性地被认为只是口语的记载,是一种为记录和传播口语而出现的现代发明,并长期被排斥于应用语言学研究的边缘。这种偏见因而造成了二语习得研究对写作的忽视。事实上,写作作为一种语言输出形式,是与口语输出同样重要的有效交际行为,能在二语学习过程中减轻面对面交际给学习者带来的心理压力,并有助于语言知识的内化。网络电子邮件的出现更突显了写作在二语习得中的作用。因此,如何利用写作来促进二语学习应成为二语习得研究的一个重点。     

Predictors of English reading comprehension: Cantonese-speaking English language learners in the U.S.

In this paper, first language (L1) and second language (L2) oral language and word reading skills were used as predictors to devise a model of reading comprehension in young Cantonese-speaking English language learners (ELLs) in the United States. L1 and L2 language and literacy measures were collected from a total of 101 Cantonese-speaking ELLs during the early spring of second grade. Results show that English vocabulary and English word decoding, as measured with real and nonsense words, played significant roles in English reading comprehension. In particular, results highlight the crucial role of English vocabulary in the development of L2 English literacy skills. English listening comprehension did not predict English reading comprehension. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Second Language Play as a Representation of the Multicompetent Self in Foreign Language Study

In this article I link 3 areas that have recently attracted (renewed) interest in second language acquisition (SLA) and applied linguistics research: (a) first language (L1) use in adult foreign language study; (b) adult second language (L2) play; and (c) adult language learner identity. In mainstream approaches to SLA and utilitarian conceptualizations of foreign language learning, L1 use typically is considered detrimental to L2 acquisition; L2 play is a superfluous activity that detracts from the serious business of language learning; analyst-sensitive examinations of learner-internal mechanisms in the process of SLA are emphasized over learner-sensitive studies of the language learner's identity in sociocultural context. Recent work, however, has brought new evaluations of these 3 areas. Antón and DiCamilla (1998) have found that L1 use may function as an advantageous metacognitive tool in L2 acquisition. Both Lantolf (1997, 2000) and Tarone (2000) have recently advanced theories of form-based L2 play in which play functions in the acquisition of L2 forms. Norton (2000) has investigated the importance of learners' social identity in L2 learning and use in the context of Canadian immigration. In this article, I suggest a new role for adult form-based L2 play in SLA theorizing. This type of play may not only aid in the acquisition of L2 forms but may also serve as a textual icon for learners' growing multicompetence (i.e., the distinct state of mind with 2 or more grammars; V. Cook, 1991, 1992). Multicompetence may have meaning for learners' sense of self and their ways of interacting with the world. Multilingual form-based play with language names (e.g., "English" and "German") and syntax in the written texts of advanced tutored learners of German are examined.     

隐性反馈在英语拒绝习得中的作用

隐性反馈包括提示型反馈和重述型反馈两种类型。实验发现提示型反馈在中国学生英语拒绝能力习得中发挥着积极的推动作用,而重述型反馈在这一过程中的作用不太明显,因此英语教师在语用教学中应较多地使用提示型反馈。     

Language Transfer in Third Language Acquisition

Language transfer is one of the areas that have received special attention in the research of third language(L3).This paper focus es on the transfer of syntax from first language(L1) and second language(L2) in the early stage of third language acquisition(TLA).It aims at finding out whether L1 or L2 is the main source of transfer and trying to account for this phenomenon in light of typology and psy chotypology theories.A story telling task is used among 8 university students who have Chinese,English and French as L1,L2 and L3.The findings indicate that although both L1 Chinese and L2 English exert influence on L3 French production in the form of transfer,more L2 transfer occurs due to the typological and psychotypological similarity between L2 English and L3 French.The results confirm previous studies on the important roles of typological and psychotypological similarity in determining the source of transfer in a multilin gual’s language production.Some pedagogical implications of the findings are also discussed.     

双语脑机制的几个重要问题及其当前研究进展

双语是人脑所特有的重要功能 ,对其脑机制的研究在近几年有了很大的进展。当前 ,加工的观点已经逐渐取代了存储的观点以解释两种语言神经基础的异同。前额叶在双语加工中的作用逐渐受到重视 ,研究者已经发现其在语音分析、执行功能和避免两种语言干扰中的作用。同时 ,研究者在对第二语言的接触时间、第二语言的熟练程度、语言类型等与双语脑机制的关系上取得了一些新的发现 ,但在这些领域还有很多重要问题值得深入研究。我国应该利用自身在研究资源上的优势 ,加强中英文加工的脑机制研究     

The simple view of second language reading throughout the primary grades

In the Simple View of Reading proposed by Hoover and Gough (1990), reading comprehension is conceived as the product of word decoding and listening comprehension. It is claimed that listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral language strongly constrain the process of reading comprehension. In several studies, evidence for this theoretical framework has been provided for first language learners. In the present study, an attempt was made to find empirical evidence for the same view underlying second language reading. Therefore, the word decoding and listening comprehension skills of samples of 1,293 first language (L1) learners and 394 second language (L2) learners of Dutch were related to their reading comprehension abilities throughout the primary grades. It was found that the levels of word decoding were more or less equal in the two groups of learners, whereas the L2 learners stayed behind their first L1 peers in both listening, and reading comprehension. The relationships between word decoding, listening comprehension and reading comprehension turned out to be highly comparable. A longitudinal analysis of data showed the Simple View of Reading to be equally valid for L1 and L2 learners. With progression of grade, the impact of word decoding on reading comprehension decreased, whereas the impact of listening comprehension showed an increase to the same extent in the two groups of learners. However, the reciprocity of the relationship between listening comprehension and reading comprehension tended to be less prominent in the group of L2 learners.     

A Discussion on the Role of First Language (Chinese) Positive Transfer in Second Language (English) Lexical Acquisition and Related Pedagogical Suggestions

Language transfer is one of the central questions in second language acquisition (SLA) study. It claims that learners’ the native language (NL) or first language (L1) will make great impacts, either promoting or hindering, on their second language (L2) acquisition, i.e. positive transfer and negative transfer. The issue has been widely concerned and researched in such relative fields as language education and psychological study during the past years. It is far beyond the scope of this paper to discuss it thoroughly since the scope of L1 influence is so wide that it affects almost all linguistic subsystems. Instead, this paper aims to focus on how the Chinese language facilitates Chinese learners’ English lexical acquisition. Some suggestions on how to make use of the positive aspects is provided at the end of the paper for practical purpose.     

非英语专业大学生对教师课堂重铸的态度调查——以莆田学院为例

以问卷和访谈的方式调查了266名非英语专业大学生对教师课堂重铸所持的态度并分析影响他们积极接纳重铸的因素。结果表明:非英语专业大学生基本认同教师进行课堂重铸;他们对重铸的态度与他们所学的专业无关,但与他们所处的年级和英语水平高低有关;重铸的隐性特点、重铸的错误类型、学生自身语言能力差和大班教学环境是影响非英语专业大学生积极接纳重铸的四大因素。最后,对如何提高教师课堂重铸的功效提出一些建议。     

The Role of First Language in Linguistic and Social-cultural Dimensions

Since last century, it has long been universally acknowledged agreed that the infl uence imposed by fi rst language(L1) on the learner's development of second language(L2) learning is greatly unstable. In this paper, literature review is firstly given adequate thoughts to before the learning process is explored in the linguistic and social-cultural dimensions in terms of target language development.