微波辐射硫酸铁（Ⅲ）铵催化合成柠檬酸三正丁酯

以柠檬酸(2-羟基丙烷三羧酸)与正丁醇为原料，硫酸铁(Ⅲ)铵作催化剂，采用微波辐射合成柠檬檬酸三正丁酸(2-羟基-l，2，3-丙烷三羧酸三正丁酯)。考察了微波辐射功率、反应时间以及催化剂、原料配比等对反应的影响，确定最佳反应条件：醇酸摩尔比4：1，硫酸铁(Ⅲ)铵用量2．5％(以酸的量显基准)，在240w微波辐射功率下反应11min，产率可达90．3％。实验结果表明，本方法具有反应时间短、能耗低、产品率高等优点。     

SO4 2-/Si-Zr-CLR固体超强酸催化合成DBP

摘要：将硅锆交联粘土固体超强酸(SO4^2-／Si-Zr-CLR)用于邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的合成反应中。最佳反应条件为：反应温度为155℃，丁醇／邻苯二甲酸酐(摩尔比)=3：1，反应时间2．5h，W(催化剂)=1．0％，苯酐的转化率达97．2％。催化剂易于和产品分离，并能重复使用。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2的制备及催化合成苯甲酸异戊酯的工艺研究

以固体超强酸为催化剂，用苯甲酸和异戊醇两种原料，直接酯化合成苯甲酸异戊酯．首先制备固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2，然后以此为催化剂进行酯化反应．反映过程中，考察了反应温度，原料配比，催化剂用量，反应时间等酯化反应的影响，由此确定最佳合成工艺条件：反应温度170℃，反应时间3h，异戊醇和苯甲酸摩尔比4：1，催化剂用量2％（以体系总质量计算）．由此条件下，其中苯甲酸异戊酯的收率达87．50％．     

微波辐射固载固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

采用微波辐射技术，利用颗粒状活性炭固栽对甲苯磺酸作催化剂，由柠檬酸和正丁醇直接酯化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。实验结果最佳反应条件：微波辐射功率为550W，醇酸物质摩尔比为3．9：1，反应时间50min，w（催化剂）=4％，柠檬酸的转化率达95．2％。反应速率明显高于常规加热方式。     

对-甲苯磺酸催化合成香料β-萘乙醚

研究了以β-萘酚和乙醇为原料，对甲苯碘酸作催化剂，环己烷作溶, 合成香料β-萘乙醚的新工艺，得出最佳反应条件：M（c10H7O）：M（c2H5OH0＝1：3，回流反应7h，收率为98．7％，产品熔点为35－37℃。     

固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-ZrO2催化合成邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DnOP)

自制了复合固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2-ZrO2并用以合成邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DnOP)，探讨了酯化反应的条件。结果表明,该催化剂是合成DnOP的良好催化剂，其最佳的反应条件为：酐醇物质的量比1：2．8，催化剂用量为苯酐质量的10％，反应时间3h，在此条件下，苯酐的转化率可达98．8％。     

S04^2-／Ti02／Sm^3＋催化合成乙酸苄酯的研究

采用稀土元素Sm3 对固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2的改性，制备出稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／Sm3 催化剂，应用于合成乙酸苄酯的反应中．并研究了各种因素对酯化率的影响，最佳反应条件为：催化剂焙烧温度450℃，催化剂用量为1．0g，醇酸摩尔比1．8(乙酸的用量为0．2mol)，反应时间为2．0h，乙酸苄酯的酯化率达95．7％．     

固体超强酸TiO2／SO4^2-催化合成硬脂酸乙酯

以硬脂酸和无水乙醇为原料，固体超强酸TiO2／SO4^2-为催化剂，催化合成硬脂酸乙酯，考察了不同活化温度对催化剂催化活性的影响，原料醇酸比，反应的时间、催化剂的用量等工艺条件对酯化反应产率的影响，并用正交实验优化出较佳的合成条件，即520℃活化的催化剂催化活性最高．较佳的工艺条件是：乙醇：硬脂酸=9：1，催化剂：硬脂酸=0．09：1，反应温度为83℃，反应时间为8h．硬脂酸乙酯产率可达96．5％．     

复合型固体超强酸SO4^2-／Sb2O3／SiO2对合成乙酸环己酯的催化作用

以乙酸和环己醇为原料,自制的新型固体超强酸SO4^2-／Sb2O3／SiO2作催化剂,催化合成乙酸环己酯。反应结果表明,最优化条件是：n（乙酸）：n（环己醇）=1．0：1．2,催化剂用量为0．8g,反应温度为145℃～160℃,反应时间为4h,酯化率可达94．7％。产品用折光率和红外光谱进行表征。     

微波辐射固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-La3+催化合成苯甲酸乙酯

以自制的固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2-La^3 作催化剂，通过微波辐射加热合成了苯甲酸乙酯,结果表明，该方法比用硫酸催化法的酯化率高，酯产率达85％．反应条件：苯甲酸0．1mol，乙醇0．3mol，固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2-La^3 0．8g，微波辐射功率200W，间歇辐射时间8min。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.