Evolution as a controversial issue: a review of instructional approaches

Although evolution has long been considered a controversial issue, little effort has been made to ensure that instructional approaches address the controversial nature of the issue. A framework for understanding the nature of controversy and some defining characteristics of controversial issues are provided. In light of this framework evolution is evaluated to address the defining characteristics of the issue that make it controversial. The purpose of this exploratory review of evolution instruction is to identify a range of instructional approaches reported in extant literature and to determine the extent to which each approach is commensurate with teaching evolution as a controversial issue.     

A new type of debate for global warming and scientific literacy

Expanding on some ideas introduced in the paper by Albe and Gombert (2012) ??Students?? communication, argumentation and knowledge in a citizen?? conference on global warming??, I explore two issues relevant to their work: global warming (GW) as a socioscientific controversy and scientific literacy in regards to climate change science. For the first issue, the definition of GW socioscientific controversy provided in the article raises controversies in both scientific communities and society or social groups concerned by the issue. I review this from two perspectives that can be considered at the extreme ends of a spectrum of perspectives. I then address the role of debates in education about global warming and climate change and suggest a new type of classroom debates to replace those addressing the existence and cause of global warming.     

现代化指标体系及综合评价方法综述

现代化是目前国内争论比较多的一个话题,关于现代化的标准和评价问题也是学术界一直争论不休的问题,为了全 面的了解现代化,对现代化的理论问题进行了一些归纳、综合,并对中国的现代化程度进行了测算、提出建议.     

Entertainment television and hearing students' attitudes regarding the pediatric cochlear implant

The cochlear implant, a bionic technology that restores sound sensation in some patients, has become ethically controversial in the 20 years since its introduction. This controversy recently has entered American entertainment culture, with the issue of pediatric implants emerging in episodes of popular TV programs. This pilot study examines the effects of one such TV episode on the attitudes of hearing college students with minimal prior exposure to the controversy, using a posttest-only control group design. The control group (N = 17) watched an unrelated entertainment video and filled out an original 10-item attitude scale. The treatment group (N = 18), which viewed an episode of the dramatic series Gideon's Crossing addressing the cochlear implant issue, also filled out the attitude scale. A t test was applied, and it was determined that no significant difference existed between the two groups' attitudes regarding pediatric cochlear implants. Although there was wide variability on individual items, overall scores indicated that both groups were neutral, or undecided, regarding cochlear implantation in children.     

客观真实与法律真实浅析--以我国刑事诉讼法"案件事实"为视角的分析

目前刑事诉讼法学界在证明标准问题上存在着“客观真实”与“法律真实”的争论。本文从认识论、价值取向与现实分析三个角度对刑事诉讼的证明标准问题进行论述,认为“客观真实”观存在诸多的不合理之处,而“法律真实”观既符合辩证唯物主义认识论的基本原理,又符合我国当前主流诉讼价值观的要求。因此应提倡以“法律真实”作为我国刑事诉讼的证明标准。     

运用人本主义心理学教育理论指导初中语文阅读教学的策略

语文阅读教学效率历年来是我国基础教育改革中备受关注的问题。针对如何提升效率,研究者和一线教师对语文阅读教学进行了多年、多方面的研究,还是存在不如人意和具有争议的地方。文章运用教育学和心理学的一些研究成果,将人本主义心理学教学理论和初中语文阅读教学结合起来探讨,这样不仅可以丰富初中语文阅读教学理论,还可以指导初中语文阅读教学实践,以提升初中语文阅读教学的效率。     

检察权性质探析

检察权性质是司法改革中的重要问题,已经引起了学界的广泛探讨。然而从检察权性质之争议入手,就能深入分析各种观点之利弊,从而结合检察权自身特点,明确其以公诉权为核心,并根源于行政权的特殊属性。     

论构建和谐社会利益协调的原则

解决利益矛盾、缓解利益冲突是构建社会主义和谐社会的前提和基础,因此,能否依据马克思主义的利益原则认识和处理当代中国社会的利益矛盾和利益冲突,使当代中国社会的各种利益能够在彼此协调的基础上快速地得到实现,已经成为关系改革开放进一步健康发展的重大课题。     

论美育功利性与超功利性的统一

从“美育”一词进入中国语境中以来，美育的“功利性”和“超功利性”便是人们争论不休的话题。从20世纪初美育的“无用之用”，到当今美育功利性的泛化，本文在避免美育“功利性”与“超功利性”孰是孰非的基础上，强调美育是“功利性”与“超功利性”的统一．     

MR Testing and evaluation: New dimensions and old concerns

The heated debate over the reliability and effectiveness of IQ testing has spilled over into the realm of mental retardation. Indeed, the recent Federal Appeal Court (9th Circuit) decision to uphold the Larry P. v. Riles decision has elevated the MR IQ testing stigma controversy from a regional issue (California) to a national concern. Clearly, the MR dimension adds new relevance to the IQ controversy, notably: What do IQ tests really measure and for what purpose and which populations? This paper examines the role of IQ testing within the larger MR evaluation process, looking at this phenomenon from both the historical and contemporary perspectives.     

Naturalized philosophy of science and natural science education

A major controversy in contemporary philosophy of science concerns the possibility and desirability of its naturalization. In this paper I review the philosophical controversy concerning naturalism, and investigate the role it might play in the science classroom. I argue that science students can benefit from explicit study of this controversy, and from explicit consideration of the extent to which philosophy of science can be studied naturalistically. More specifically, I suggest that such consideration can enhance students' understanding of the nature of natural science, of the nature and importance of philosophy of science, and of the relationship between the two — and that these benefits accrue to science education whichever philosophical view concerning naturalization proves to be correct. My hope is that the paper demonstrates the benefits to be gained from explicit consideration in the science classroom of an important issue in the philosophy of science.     

论高等教育多元化质量标准的构塑

随着我国高等教育量的扩张，质的问题更加突出。其中大众化进程中高等教育的质量标准就是一个很值得探讨的问题。由此提出构塑适应大众化高等教育的多元化的质量标准，以促进我国高等教育循着良性轨道健康发展。     

外语教学语境中的语言性别差异现象研究

本文主要从社会语言学角度出发,综述分析了外语教学中的语言性别差异现象。本文共由四个部分组成,主要探讨了外语教学中性别差异现象的研究背景、理论依据、研究内容以及存在的问题与前景。上述讨论表明,外语教学中的性别差异研究是一项艰巨而复杂的任务,一时难以取得一致见解。只有通过跨学科的研究手段,在相关学科之间建立起真正意义上的互动,才能取得创新性成果。     

20世纪的 "唐宋诗之争"及其启示

"唐宋诗之争"是中国文学史与中国文学批评史上一大公案。在20世纪的"唐宋诗之争"中,宋诗研究在逐步推向深入,但宋诗的命运却是走向冷落的。这就说明:宋诗研究自有其价值,但不必过分推崇宋诗。     

The Controversy Over Controversies: A Plea for Flexibility and for “Soft‐Directive” Teaching

A controversy rages over the question of how should controversial topics be taught. Recent work has advanced the “epistemic criterion” as the resolution to this controversy. According to the epistemic criterion, a matter should be taught as controversial when contrary views can be entertained on the matter without the views being contrary to reason. When an issue is noncontroversial, according to the epistemic criterion, the correct position can be taught “directively,” with the teacher endorsing that position. When there is a legitimate controversy, the view should be taught “nondirectively,” with the teacher remaining neutral. In response, Bryan Warnick and Spencer Smith argue that the proponents of the epistemic criterion fail to recognize the multidimensional nature of what it means to learn to be rational. Recognizing this complexity undermines the link between the epistemic status of the controversy and directiveness of one's teaching, suggesting more flexibility in how teachers approach controversial issues. It also implies the need for a new category of teaching, which Warnick and Smith call “soft‐directive” teaching.     

Use of grade-based norms versus age-based norms in psychoeducational assessment for a college population

Considerable discussion has occurred about the most appropriate methods for diagnosing learning disabilities (LD) in postsecondary students. Two of the many areas of controversy that have emerged include the appropriate diagnostic criteria to use and the appropriate referent group. A review of previous court cases demonstrates that the issue of whether to compare an individual to the general population or to a smaller referent population has not been adequately clarified. Furthermore, few empirical studies have examined the impact of choosing different referent groups on the likelihood that one will be diagnosed with LD. Therefore, this correlational study described the levels of agreement between three diagnostic models of LD, using both age- and grade-based norms to represent two referent groups for each of the three models. The sample included 155 postsecondary students referred for testing due to academic difficulties. The findings indicated that in two of the three models tested, comparing individuals to their grade-matched peers (i.e., using grade-based norms) resulted in more LD diagnoses than comparing individuals to their age-matched peers (i.e., age-based norms).     

邓小平关于建国初期中国社会性质的论述

建国初期我国的社会性质,是学术界长期争论较大的一个基础理论问题。作为中国共产党第二代领导集体的核心,邓小平先后在不同场合,对新中国成立后的社会性质问题作了明确阐述,认为建国初期的中国社会已经是社会主义性质的社会。     

对数学实在论与反实在论之争的辩证考察

一直以来,作为数学中基础问题的实在论与反实在论之间的争论不绝于耳,历久弥新。它直接关系到数学是否具有客观性、确定性和真理性。通过系统梳理数学实在论和反实在论的基本观点及争论焦点,可以发现只有在马克思主义的视阈下,扬弃争论双方的理论内涵,才能正确看待争论的意义,并实现对数学本体论和认识论的科学、全面评判。     

大学生就业的法律保障

大学生就业是高校扩招以来备受关注的一个问题，由此产生的法律问题尤为重要。择业中首先要了解劳动者的权利；把握订立好劳动合同的主要条款；当发生争议时从实体程序方面保护其权利。     

Controversy within a cooperative or competitive context and cognitive perspective-taking

Forty-five undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy). Subjects in the controversy conditions discussed within either a cooperative or a competitive context. Subjects in the controversy conditions indicated more conceptual conflict or uncertainty, engaged in more information seeking behavior, and were more accurate in taking the cognitive perspective of the confederate than were subjects in the no-controversy condition. These results support Piaget's and Kohlberg's views of the role of controversy in perspective-taking and cognitive development and Berlyne's theory of conceptual conflict and epistemic curiosity. Subjects in the competitive-context conditions experienced more uncertainty, engaged in more information-seeking behavior, and were more accurate in cognitive perspective-taking than were subjects in the cooperative-context condition. Subjects in the competitive-context condition also experienced more cognitive dissonance, derogated the confederate and the confederate's position and arguments to a greater extent, and indicated greater closed-mindedness in responding to the confederate and the confederate's arguments than did subjects in the cooperative-context or the no-controversy conditions.