面向数字标准测试领域的敏捷软件开发方法的研究

通过分析数字标准测试软件的领域特性,提出了一种面向数字标准测试领域的敏捷软件开发方法—基于构件的产品线方法,设计了产品线构架、核心资产库框架,并在"中国网络教育技术标准"中进行了成功应用。这种软件开发方法,实现了教育标准领域中的软件复用、降低开发成本、缩短开发周期。     

International language proficiency standards in the local context: Interpreting the CEFR in standard setting for exam reform in Luxembourg

ABSTRACT

In the field of second and foreign language learning, the Common European Framework of Reference for languages (CEFR) is widely-used for setting language proficiency standards within European, and increasingly global, contexts. Few studies, however, have investigated the ways in which systemic, macro-level factors within national educational contexts may influence standard setting practices using the CEFR. In this paper, we explore this issue through an analysis of recorded discussions within standard setting sessions for the Épreuve Commune for English, a national English language examination in Luxembourg. The data reveals four key sources of influence on standard setting decision-making: Luxembourg’s unique language ecology, streamed schooling, the national curriculum, and an ongoing exam reform project. Through this analysis, we argue that Luxembourg functions as a critical case illustrating the tension between international standards of language proficiency and local realities.     

Fear appeals in the primary classroom: Effects on test anxiety and test grade

The present study investigated whether fear appeals used prior to a test increased self-reported test anxiety and had a detrimental effect on test scores. Forty primary school pupils were instructed for one week under a low threat condition under which no fear appeals were made and another week under a high threat condition in which fear appeals were made salient. An end-of-week test was given in both conditions. Pupils reported an increase in test anxiety related worrisome thoughts and autonomic reactions under the high threat condition, but not in off-task behaviours. Test scores were lower under the high threat condition, but were not attributable to the increases in test anxiety related thoughts and autonomic reactions. This study adds weight to the argument that fear appeals are a damaging classroom strategy, but the mechanism by which fear appeals are reducing test scores is not yet clear.     

全港性系统评估:水平参照分数报告和水平厘定技术在香港的实践

本文以小学数学科为例,介绍了香港全港性系统评估应用项目反应理论中的Rasch模型进行测验设计和数据分析,以及用改进的Angoff方法和书签法进行水平厘定,获得水平参照分数报告的过程。     

Processes and effects of test preparation for writing tasks in a high-stakes admission test in China: Implications for test takers

This study investigated the processes and effects of test preparation for a high-stakes English admission test in the context of tertiary education. A total of 623 Chinese college students who were preparing for the writing tasks of the Graduate School Entrance English Examination (GSEEE) responded to the questionnaire survey. In terms of the processes for test preparation, five components emerged: memorization, test familiarization, comprehensive learning, skill development, and drills. With regard to the effects of test preparation, regression analysis of 161 GSEEE writing scores revealed that test takers’ language proficiency and individual preparation efforts had a significantly positive effect on test scores. The findings highlight two specific preparation activities that produce positive test outcomes and cast doubt on the effects of prevailing memorization practices, which consist of the memorization of all-purpose sentence patterns. The implications of these results for improving test preparation for test takers are discussed.     

Multiple voices in tests: towards a macro theory of test writing

Tests, especially high-stakes ones, occupy a prominent role in education and impact on students’ personal and professional trajectory. Therefore, it is crucial that they are well understood. Enhancing understanding of the workings of tests requires a multidisciplinary approach, one that treats tests not only as assessment instruments, but also as sociolinguistic and sociopolitical products. Using data collected by means of non-participant observation, stimulated recall and one-to-one interviews with writers of GCSE and IGCSE tests, this paper attempts to provide a macro-analysis of the process of test writing. It does so by identifying the various actors and discourses that directly or indirectly take part in test writing. It uses Bakhtin’s framework of voice as a tool to facilitate this. The paper concludes by proposing a macro model of test writing, one that explains the macro process of test writing by capturing the main voices involved in it and their interrelationships.     

试论新课程标准背景下的高考试卷设计

自2007年以来,新课程标准背景下的高考已在多个省市施行。从近年来新课程标准背景下的高考命题实践来看,其试卷设计一方面延续了我国高考试卷设计的一贯思路和做法,在强调知识和能力上下足了力气;另一方面,也顺应了这一论课程改革的发展,呈现出一些与以往不同的变化,突出了对学生在解题过程中所运用的过程与方法、情感态度价值观的考查。本文介绍了有效测验开发的12个步骤,并讨论了新课程标准背景下高考试卷设计的几个关键步骤。     

It's Not Just Angoff: Misperceptions of Hard and Easy Items in Bookmark-Type Ratings

A common belief is that the Bookmark method is a cognitively simpler standard-setting method than the modified Angoff method. However, a limited amount of research has investigated panelist's ability to perform well the Bookmark method, and whether some of the challenges panelists face with the Angoff method may also be present in the Bookmark method. This article presents results from three experiments where panelists were asked to give Bookmark-type ratings to separate items into groups based on item difficulty data. Results of the experiments showed, consistent with results often observed with the Angoff method, that panelists typically and paradoxically perceived hard items to be too easy and easy items to be too hard. These perceptions were reflected in panelists often placing their Bookmarks too early for hard items and often placing their Bookmarks too late for easy items. The article concludes with a discussion of what these results imply for educators and policymakers using the Bookmark standard-setting method.     

PSC"说话"评分标准缺失分析

普通话水平测试“说话”项的测评争议较大。《湖南省普通话水平测试评分细则》“说话”项的评分标准存在某些欠妥之处，突出表现在某些概念的界定与阐述、定量控制与定性特征的吻合度及自然流畅要件的制约力等方面。从测评实践的角度对评分标准进行思考和分析，提出较为合理的构想，对普通话水平测试具有现实指导意义。     

如何有效实施企业员工的培训效果评估

我国企业实施员工培训效果评估存在投入不足、考核方式与信息来源狭窄、评估层次简单、测评方法单一等问题。企业管理层应从人力资源战略的角度提升评估的重要性,增加人力物力的投入,并对效果评估的实施流程进行系统管理。调动企业各职能层分工合作完善评估信息和系统。选择恰当的评估方法和完善的评估模型对于提高培训效果评估的质量和效率是重要的。     

规范高校编制管理的意义和原则

规范编制管理，坚持按需设岗，是有效配置教育人力资源的制度保证。规范高校编制管理可以促进人事调配的规范化，可以促进人员结构的合理化，还可以促进用人制度的创新。规范高校编制管理必须坚持总量控制、科学合理、精简高效、固定编制与流动编制相结合的原则，坚持实行岗位分类管理的原则。     

On teaching about the coefficient of variation in introductory statistics courses

The standard deviation is related to the mean by virtue of the coefficient of variation. Teachers of statistics courses can make use of that fact to make the standard deviation more comprehensible for statistics students.     

命题者：影响阅读理解测试效度的一个因素

本研究应用项目反应理论,从被试的阅读能力值和题目的难度值这两个方面,分析阅读理解测试中多项选择题命题者对考试效度的影响。实验设计中,将两组被试同时施测于一项“阅读水平测试”,根据测试结果估计出的两组被试能力值之间无显著性差异。再次将这两组被试分别施测于两位不同命题者所命制的题目,尽管这些题目均产生于相同的阅读材料,且题目的难度值之间并没有显著性差异,被试的表现却显著不同。Rasch模型认为,被试表现由被试能力和试题难度共同决定。因此,可以推测,这是由于不同命题者所命制的题目影响了被试的表现,并进而影响了使用多项选择题进行阅读理解测试的效度。     

Influence of reaction piles on test pile response in a static load test

This work presents a new analytical method to analyze the influence of reaction piles on the test pile response in a static load test.In our method,the interactive effect between soil and pile is simulated using independent springs and the shear displacement method is adopted to analyze the influence of reaction piles on test pile response.Moreover,the influence of the sheltering effect between reaction piles and test pile on the test pile response is taken into account.Two cases are analyzed to verify the rationality and efficiency of the present method.This method can be easily extended to a nonlinear response of an influenced test pile embedded in a multilayered soil,and the validity is also demonstrated using centrifuge model tests and a computer program presented in the literature.The present analyses indicate that the proposed method will lead to an underestimation of the test pile settlement in a static load test if the influence of the presence of reaction piles on the test pile response is neglected.     

2006年周口师范学院学生体质测试结果分析

根据《学生体质健康标准》，2006年对周口师范学院学生体后进行了测试和问卷调查，从大学生的身体形态、机能、和素质三方面进行了分析，并对测试的目的性、自身健康状况的关心程度以及测试结果的满意度等进行了全面分析，为今后测试工作的开展和体育课的改革与发展提出了一些建议．     

Validity and fairness of a new entry diagnostics test in higher education economics

Research has been focusing increasingly on measuring students’ prior economic knowledge in higher education. However, in German-speaking countries, valid instruments are rare. A diagnostic study investigated the validity and fairness of an internationally established economic knowledge test (adapted German version of TUCE IV and TEL IV) with a representative sample of 7664 students from 46 universities across Germany. Previous findings with the dataset (Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia et al., 2019a) suggest that native language significantly predicts missing answers in the knowledge test. Similar effects can be found for gender. After coding missing answers as incorrect, students with a native language other than German and females are disadvantaged. Using multiple imputation, group differences are still significant but to a lesser extent. This approach is critically discussed in terms of valid diagnostics and assessment in higher education.     

How the source of word-of-mouth influences information processing in the formation of brand attitudes

Word-of-mouth (WOM) can be a powerful, persuasive source of information, but relatively little is understood about how consumers utilize information in service evaluations and how the source of WOM (e.g. friends, family) affects attitudes. The importance of WOM is acknowledged in the services context; however, the research field of higher education has found some inconsistent results concerning the impact of WOM. The aim of this study, with its focus on information processing, is to enhance the understanding of these varying results with data from international master's degree applicants. By means of structural equation modeling, the results suggest that the processing of WOM differs depending on the source and the difficulty of evaluation criteria. Information through some sources of WOM is mainly cognitively processed, whereas in others information is processed more as simple cues. Overall, insights are provided into the impact of WOM, and higher education marketing.     

经济不发达地区实施新课标的困难分析

新的国家课程标准是先进的，但由于发展不平衡，在理解和实施新课程标准中会遭遇到各种各样的困难。所以，针对新标准自然就会产生不同反响，甚至遭遇尴尬。尤其是在经济欠发达地区，对新课标的认识和实施会遭遇到更多、更大的困难，特别是在高中阶段，这一现状必须引起各位专家、教育行政管理部门的重视。     

高职“双师素质”教师认定标准研究

分析高职教育对师资的要求及我国教育部对“双师素质”认定标准,剖析当前认定标准在指引高职“双师素质”型教师队伍建设中的不足,进而就认定标准的修正提出看法与建议。     

Changing as a person: the experience of learning to research in the social sciences

In this study of learning to research on a higher degree programme in Education, half the sample of 18 students reported that the experience of learning changed them as people. The lived experience of learning of these students was analysed using an approach based on a Variation Theory of learning. The critical aspects of this object of learning and the relevance structure and dimensions of variation related to this change were identified and are illustrated in individual cases of learning. The critical aspects relate to epistemological stance, perception of others’ perspectives, the (relational) nature of learning, interpretation (reflexivity) and perception of professional practice. It is contended that change in relation to these aspects of a person’s world is related to change in one’s own person, and that learning to research on a professional doctorate is congruent with this object of learning.