Effects of the dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides on the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in Miichthys miiuy fries

INTRODUCTION Aquaculture, one of fastest-growing food in-dustries, has increased worldwide at an average rate of 9.2% per year since 1970, compared with only 1.4% for capture fisheries and 2.8% for terrestrial farmed meat production system (FAO, 2002). Aquaculture has become the most advanced among agricultural fields. Simultaneously, due to intensive farming and lack of controlling guidelines, aquacul-ture’s impact on the environment has become of in-creasing concern. Excessive nutrie…     

Effects of the dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides on the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in Miichthys miiuy fries

Effects of dietary supplementation with fructooligosaccharides on the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus inMiichthys miiuy fries were investigated. Nine hundredMiichthys miiuy fries were divided into 3 groups, each with triplicates. The basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with carnitine groups were considered as the negative and positive controls respectively. Results showed that the nitrogen concentration in excreted feces decreased significantly in fries fed the diet supplementation with 1000×10⁻⁶ fructooligosaccharides and 200×10⁻⁶ carnitine (P<0.05). The ammonic-nitrogen concentration decreased significantly in the carnitine group only (P<0.05), indicating the decreasing tendency caused by the supplementation with fructooligosaccharides. Supplementation with both did not have significant effects on the concentration of phosphorus in feces ofMiichthys miiuy fries. Project supported by Public Bidding Item in Key Research of Zhejiang Province (No. 02110281-2) and Ningbo Tackle Key Problem for Agricultural Development (No. 2004C-100030), China     

Science Letters:Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on the growth performance and humoral immune response in Miichthys miiuy

INTRODUCTION It is well known that antibiotics are used as ef-fective agents to control diseases and as growth promoters in domestic animals. However, the con-tinuous use of antimicrobials increases the bacterial resistance. Therefore, it is essential to find effective and non-resistance replacements. Probiotics are vi-able cell preparations that have beneficial effects on health of the host by improving its intestinal balance (Fuller, 1989) via producing nutrients, enhancingimmune respo…     

Effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on the growth performance and humoral immune response in Miichthys miiuy

The effects of dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum on growth performance and humoral immune response in Miichthys miiuy were evaluated. One hundred and fifty Miichthys miiuy weighing approximately 200-260 g were divided into five groups and reared in 15 tanks with closed circuiting culture system. The animals were fed 5 diets： basal diet only （control） or supplemented of the basal diet with C. butyricum at doses of 10^3 （CB1）, 10^5 （CB2）, 10^7 （CB3） or 10^9 （CB4） CFU/g. Compared with the control, the serum phenoloxidase activity was significantly increased by the supplementation （P〈0.05）, acid phosphatases activity was increased significantly （P〈0.05） at the doses of 10^9 CFU/g. Serum lysozyme activity peaked at dose of 10^7 CFU/g and in the skin mucus at dose of 10^9 CFU/g. Immunoglobulin M level in the serum and skin mucus was increased except at dose of 10^3 CFU/g （P〈0.05）. The growth at the dose of 10^9 CFU/g was higher than that of the control （P〈0.05）. It is concluded that supplementation of C. butyricum can mediate the humoral immune responses and improve the growth performance in Miichthys miiuy.     

Effects of soybean isoflavone on intestinal antioxidant capacity and cytokines in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil

To investigate the effect of glycitein, a synthetic soybean isoflavone (ISF), on the intestinal antioxidant capacity, morphology, and cytokine content in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil, 72 4-d-old male piglets were assigned to three treatments. The control group was fed a basal diet containing fresh fish oil, and the other two groups received the same diet except for the substitution with the same dosage of oxidized fish oil alone or with ISF (oxidized fish oil plus ISF). After 21 d of feeding, supplementation of oxidized fish oil increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO, and Caspase-3 in jejunal mucosa, and decreased the villous height in duodenum and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IL-4 in the jejunal mucosa compared with supplementation with fresh oil. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF partially alleviated this negative effect. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF increased the villous height and levels of sIgA and IL-4 in jejunal mucosa, but decreased the levels of IL-1β and IL-2 in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05) compared with oxidized fish oil. Collectively, these results show that dietary supplementation of ISF could partly alleviate the negative effect of oxidized fish oil by improving the intestinal morphology as well as the antioxidant capacity and immune function in young piglets.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology,recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang,China

Field experiments were conducted in farmers’ rice fields in 2001 and 2002 to study the effects of nitrogen (N) management strategies on N use efficiency in recovery (RE), agronomy (AE) and physiology (PE) and redistribution of dry matter accumulation (DMA) and nitrogen accumulation (NA) in two typical rice cultivars in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. This study aimed mainly at identifying the possible causes of poor fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of rice in Zhejiang by comparing farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) with advanced site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and real-time N management (RTNM). The results showed that compared to FFP, SSNM and RTNM reduced DMA and NA before panicle initiation and increased DMA and NA at post-flowering. There is no significant difference between SSNM and FFP in post-flowering dry matter redistribution (post-DMR) and post-flowering nitrogen redistribution (post-NR). These results suggest that high input rate of fertilizer N and improper fertilizer N timing are the main factors causing low NUE of irrigated rice in the farmer’s routine practice of Zhejiang. With SSNM, about 15% of the current total N input in direct-seeding early rice and 45% in single rice could be reduced without yield loss in Zhejiang, China. Project supported by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Potash & Phosphate Institute and the Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI-PPIC), the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), the International Potash Institute (IPI), and 948 Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China (No. 2003-Z53)     

水分、光照与硼互作对大豆生长发育及产量的影响

本试验采用盆栽试验研究光照、水分与硼对生长发育和产量的影响,明确不同气候条件与硼对大豆的作用.结果表明:相同硼供给水平下,大豆株高随光照减弱而增高;施硼缓解涝胁迫;相同硼供给水平下,光照减弱导致大豆干物重降低;成熟期正常水分处理的干重高于淹水处理;施硼能够增加单株荚数、粒数、粒重.     

Effects of nitrogen form on growth,CO2 assimilation,chlorophyll fluorescence,and photosynthetic electron allocation in cucumber and rice plants

Cucumber and rice plants with varying ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) sensitivities were used to examine the effects of different nitrogen (N) sources on gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence quenching, and photosynthetic electron allocation. Compared to nitrate (NO₃ ⁻)-grown plants, cucumber plants grown under NH₄ ⁺-nutrition showed decreased plant growth, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) level, transpiration rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and O₂-independent alternative electron flux, and increased O₂-dependent alternative electron flux. However, the N source had little effect on gas exchange, Chl a fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic electron allocation in rice plants, except that NH₄ ⁺-grown plants had a higher O₂-independent alternative electron flux than NO₃ ⁻-grown plants. NO₃ ⁻ reduction activity was rarely detected in leaves of NH₄ ⁺-grown cucumber plants, but was high in NH₄ ⁺-grown rice plants. These results demonstrate that significant amounts of photosynthetic electron transport were coupled to NO₃ ⁻ assimilation, an effect more significant in NO₃ ⁻-grown plants than in NH₄ ⁺-grown plants. Meanwhile, NH₄ ⁺-tolerant plants exhibited a higher demand for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for NO₃ ⁻ reduction, regardless of the N form supplied, while NH₄ ⁺-sensitive plants had a high water-water cycle activity when NH₄ ⁺ was supplied as the sole N source.     

早期饲喂对肉鸡生长性能和肠道消化酶的影响

为研究早期饲喂对肉鸡生长性能和肠道消化酶的影响,选择360只刚出壳的AA肉用雏鸡,采用单因子试验设计,随机分成4个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只,试验1组出壳后12 h饲喂,试验Ⅱ组出壳24 h后饲喂,试验Ⅲ组出壳36 h后饲喂,对照组出壳48 h后饲喂.饲喂相同日粮,试验期为6周.于21日龄和42日龄分别测定肉鸡进行生产性能和酶活性.结果表明：早期饲喂显著提高了肉鸡的日增重,降低了料重比,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比,日增重分别提高了4.19%和3.70%,料重比分别降低5.61%和5.10%,差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组肠道消化酶水平高于对照组.早期饲喂提高了肉鸡肠道消化酶水平,以出壳后12 h饲喂最好.     

不同营养水平日粮对早期饲喂肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响

为研究不同营养水平日粮对早期饲喂的肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响,选择刚出壳AA肉仔鸡480只（雌雄各半）,对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂高营养水平日粮,试验Ⅱ组饲喂低营养水平日粮．结果表明：试验Ⅰ组体重分别比对照组和试验Ⅱ组提高5．28％（P〈0．05）和9．61％（P〈0．05）;法氏囊指数分别比对照组和试验Ⅱ组提高6．27％（P〈0．05）和9．75％（P〈0．05）,脾脏指数分别提高5．8％（P〈0．05）和13．84％（P〈0．05）;试验Ⅰ组新城疫抗体水平分别提高2．92％和12．5％（P〈0．05）．高营养水平日粮有利于生产性能和免疫机能的提高．     

Retraction Note to: Effects of dietary glycerol monolaurate on productive performance,egg quality,serum biochemical indices,and intestinal morphology of laying hens

Retraction Note to: J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B(Biomed & Biotechnol) 2019 20(11):877-890 https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1800530The authors have retracted this article(Zhao et al., 2019) due to significant overlap with a previously published Chinese language article(Liu et al., 2017), including overlap in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 6, Fig. 4, and part of the results(Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, and 3.7).     

Effects of different enzyme complex supplements in corn-soybean feedstuff on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broilers

A six-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing different enzyme cocktails in cornsoybean-byproduct diets on broiler chickens＇ growth performance and nutrient utilization. A total of 630 one-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 7 experimental groups with 6 replicates of 15 chicks. The group of chicks serving as the control group were fed a basal diet made of mainly corn and soybean meal, mixed with a little fish meal, rapeseed meal and wheat bran. The other six groups were fed the same basal diet supplemented with each a different enzyme complex at the dosage of 0.75 kg enzyme in 1 t basal diet. At the same time, a metabolic trial was carded out on 42 chicks at the 27 d age. The results showed that the average daily mass gain （ADG） of chicks in the starter phase, age 1 d to 21 d, was improved by all enzyme complex supplements except the cocktail made of 230 IU/g α-amylase, 5.6 klU/g β-glucanase, 5.3 kIU/g cellulase, 15.5 kIU/g protease and 37.5 kIU/g xylanase. The enzyme cocktail made of 1.6 klU/g α-amylase, 80 klU/g protease and 1.6 kIU/g xylanase worked out the most significant difference （P〈0.05）. Enzyme supplementation decreased the feed conversion ratio （FCR） by 2.78% to 3.98% （P〉0.05）, indicating better utilization of nutritients. In the grower phase at the age from 22 d to 42 d, the enzyme cocktail made of 4.0 kIU/g β-glucanase, 3.8 kIU/g cellulase, 17.8 kIU/g protease, 4.5 kIU/g xylanase and 44 IU/g α-glactase, and that made of 240 IU/g α-amylase, 1.4.6 kIU/g β-glucanase, 2.0 kIU/g cellulase, 5.7 klU/g protease, 400 IU/g xylanase, 20 IU/g α- glactase and 200 IU/g phytase imporved chicks＇ ADG and FCR significantly （P〈0.05）. These two cocktails also were shown to improve ADG and FCR in the entire period of broiler age from 1 d to 42 d. Exogenous digesting enzymes such as protease and amylase benefited the growth and nutrition utilization in young broilers in the starter phase but barely in the grower phase, indicat     

Effects of yeast products on the intestinal morphology,barrier function,cytokine expression,and antioxidant system of weaned piglets

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of yeast culture, cell wall hydrolysates, and yeast extracts (collectively “yeast products,” YP) on the performance, intestinal physiology, and health of weaned piglets. A total of 90 piglets weaned at 21 d of age were blocked by body weight, sex, and litter and randomly assigned to one of three treatments for a 14-d feeding experiment, including (1) a basal diet (control), (2) 1.2 g/kg of YP, and (3) 20 mg/kg of colistin sulfate (CSE). No statistically significant differences were observed in average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, or gain-to-feed ratio among CSE, YP, and control piglets. Increased prevalence of diarrhea was observed among piglets fed the YP diet, whereas diarrhea was less prevalent among those fed CSE. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and duodenal crypt depth were greater in the control group than they were in the YP or CSE groups. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the duodenal and jejunal villi were enhanced by YP, whereas IEL in the ileal villi were reduced in weaned piglets fed YP. Secretion of jejunal and ileal interleukin-10 (IL-10) was higher and intestinal and serum antioxidant indexes were affected by YP and CSE. In YP- and CSE-supplemented animals, serum D-lactate concentration and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were both increased, and intestinal mRNA expressions of occludin and ZO-1 were reduced as compared to the control animals. In conclusion, YP supplementation in the diets of weaned piglets appears to increase the incidence of diarrhea and has adverse effects on intestinal morphology and barrier function.     

温度对瓦氏黄颡鱼氨氮排泄及能量利用的影响

在不同的温度水平下,对瓦氏黄颡鱼的氨氮排泄率及鱼体组分进行了测定。结果显示:在10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃及30℃的水温下,瓦氏黄颡鱼的氨氮排泄率分别为2.69、3.92、5.72、6.96和8.71mg/(kg·h)。其氨氮排泄率与温度的回归关系可用幂函数方程描述:y=0.2128x1.086(n=48,R2=0.883,p<0.01)。蛋白质、脂肪占总鱼体重的百分含量随着温度的升高而下降,灰份占鱼体总重的百分含量则随温度的升高而升高。     

Effects of test anxiety on performance,worry, and emotionality in naturally occurring exams

Test performance and reported anxiety levels of high and low test-anxious subjects taking either a regular exam or an exam containing brief, written relaxation instructions were compared. A consistent main effect for test anxiety was found; high test-anxious subjects performed more poorly and reported greater worry and emotionality than did low test-anxious subjects. Effects for the relaxation manipulation were found only on the second of three exams where the high anxious subjects receiving the relaxation exam format reported less worry than the high anxiety-regular exam group. Results provide greater external validity for the Test Anxiety Scale (TAS).     

Effects of modularity,certification session and re-sits on examination performance

General Certificates of Secondary Education, known as GCSEs, are organised into modules which can be assessed at the end of the course (linear route) or at different points throughout the course (modular route). This research investigates students’ performance in English and mathematics in each assessment route and the effects of certification session and re-sits on examination outcomes using data from one English awarding body.

In mathematics, modular students performed better than linear students once prior attainment was accounted for. In contrast, modular assessment in English did not always lead to better performance. In the modular routes of English, students certificating early in the course were at a disadvantage compared to those certificating at the end. However, modular mathematics students obtained significantly better results in early sessions than at the end of the course. The benefits of re-sitting seemed clear, as most students performed better on their second attempt at a module than on their first. However, this did not often lead to an improvement on the module grade.     

Interactions of cadmium and aluminum toxicity in their effect on growth and physiological parameters in soybean

The effect of Al and Cd on the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of Al, Cd and plant nutrients in two soybean genotypes were determined using hydroponic culture. There were six treatments: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6.5 1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0 1.0 μmol/L Cd; pH 4.0 150 μmol/L Al; pH 4.0 1.0 μmol/L Cd 150 μmol/L Al. The low pH (4.0) and Al treatments caused marked reduction in root length, shoot height, dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photosynthetic rate. Al-sensitive cv. Zhechun 2 accumulated comparatively more Al and Cd in plants than Al-tolerant cv. Liao 1. Compared with pH 6.5, pH 4.0 resulted in significant increase in Cd and Al concentration in plants. Combined application of Cd and Al enhanced their accu-mulation in roots, but caused a reduction in shoots. The concentrations of all 10 nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B), except Mo were also increased when plants were exposed to pH lower than pH 6.5. Al addition caused a reduction in the con-centration of most nutrients in plant roots and shoots; but K, Mn and Zn in roots were increased. Treatments with Cd alone or together with Al reduced the concentrations of all the plant nutrients in plants. Al-sensitive genotype Zhechun 2 has lower nutrient concentration than Al-tolerant genotype Liao 1. The current findings imply that Al and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth, physiological traits and nutrient uptake.     

Effects of achievement standards,choice, sex,and educational level on mathematical performance

The study assessed the effects of achievement standards, and choice of such standards, on mathematics performance in conditions where no tangible rewards were presented for reaching such standards. Elementary, junior high, and high school students performed a multiplication task in conditions where they chose standards, had standards imposed by an experimenter, or had no standards. Results demonstrated that high school students worked more multiplication problems when they chose standards than when identical standards were imposed by an experimenter or when no standards were present. Moreover, male students who chose standards worked more problems than did male students who had no standards; this effect was not found for female students.