隧道工程渗水原因分析及防治措施研究

隧道工程是构筑在地表之下的结构物,因而总是处在各种地下水的包围之中。在隧道设计、施工或使用过程中任何有害扰动都会造成隧道防排水体系的缺陷,从而引起隧道渗水。文章从多方面对隧道渗水的原因展开讨论,并结合我国隧道工程施工技术现状,提出隧道渗漏水的防治措施。     

Upper bound analysis for estimation of the influence of seepage on tunnel face stability in layered soils

Tunnel face stability is important for safe tunneling and the protection of the surrounding environment. Upper bound analysis is a widely applied method to investigate tunnel face stability. In this paper, a tunnel face collapse of Guangzhou metro line 3 is presented. Accordingly, seepage is considered in the upper bound solutions for face stability in layered soils. Steady-state seepage is reached in the first 1200 s of each drilling step. In the crossed layer, the seepage flow is horizontal toward the tunnel face, whereas in the cover layer, the seepage vertically percolates into the crossed layer. By considering the seepage forces on the tunnel face and on the soil particles, the upper bound solution for the support pressure needed for face stability in layered soil with seepage is obtained. Under saturated conditions, the support pressure is influenced by the variation of the depth ratio due to the seepage effect. Moreover, the support pressure depends linearly on the groundwater level. This study provides estimations of the support pressure for face stability in tunnel design.     

降雨作用下排水钉的性能及其对渗流场的影响

为探究降雨入渗作用下排水钉的排水性能及其对土体渗流场的影响,通过开展室内试验、建立排水钉数值模型、定义流量函数模拟降雨入渗过程,分析排水钉排水量及土体中体积含水率和孔隙水压力的变化规律。 结果表明:随着降雨时间的增加,排水钉排水量不断增大直至最大值,排水量处于最大值一段时间后,土体表面积水入渗完成,排水量开始大幅减小。 随着降雨入渗的发展,各监测点处体积含水率均达到土体饱和体积含水率,各处孔隙水压力值由负变正,降雨停止后,由于排水钉的排水作用,各处体积含水率均不断减小,最终,各监测点处体积含水率均小于初始状态,孔隙水压力值由正变负。 数值模拟结果能与室内试验结果具有良好的一致性。 研究结果说明排水钉具有良好的排水效果,可有效解决工程中降水的排出问题,能够为工程的排水设计提供借鉴。     

Surface settlement caused by twin-parallel shield tunnelling in sandy cobble strata

City metro tunnels are usually constructed as twin-parallel tunnels and their adjacent construction may lead to surface deformation, affecting the surface environment and the safety of the tunnels. Due to its strong dispersion, sandy cobble strata can be easily disturbed by shield tunneling. Based on the project of the Chengdu Metro Line 1, field and model tests were carried out to study the surface settlement caused by shield tunneling in sandy cobble strata by measuring surface settlement curves, ground loss ratios and construction influence zones. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to study the factors affecting the formation of ground arches in sandy cobble strata at the microscopic level. Results show that the shape of the surface settlement curve in sandy cobble strata is different from that in soft soil. The buried depth and clear spacing of the two tunnels had a significant impact on the formation of ground arches.     

Numerical calculation for gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining

According to the problem during mining coal seam with high gas and its control, the theory numerical calculation of gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining was studied, with the background of Snake Mountain coal mine. First of all, the basic principle of fluid (gas)-solid coupling was briefly described, and a three dimensional model was established by FLAC software. Secondly, the calculation parameters of fluid-solid coupling were obtained based on the measured data, and the numerical calculation of sublevel mining was carried out in turn. Lastly, initial stress state, gas movement law, deformation law of pore pressure and movement characteristics of rock strata were studied, respectively. The results show that the gas and pressure were greatly reduced with the advance of 4 coal seam working surface, as well as the constant increase of area of goaf. Facilitating gas and the stress were gradually penetrated and released to goaf during the whole process of mining. The gas pressure, the aggregation degree and the surrounding rock pressure of the 1 coal seam and the 3 coal seam were greatly reduced.     

盾构施工参数对地层变形的影响

以南宁地铁一号线南湖段下穿隧道为工程背景,建立隧道开挖的三维有限元模型,通过数值分析,得到盾构施工过程中地层变形的分布规律,讨论盾构施工过程中注浆压力对地表沉降、水平位移及拱顶位移的影响,分析掌子面压力对地表隆起的影响规律。研究结果表明,注浆压力对地表变形会产生明显的影响,随着注浆压力的增大,地表沉降及水平位移明显减小。当掌子面压力大于0.1 MPa时,会引起掌子面前方土体产生向上的位移,地表隆起量随掌子面压力的增加而增大。     

深埋圆形富水隧道应力与位移的弹塑性解

研究目的：推导获得深埋圆形富水隧道应力场与位移场分布的弹塑性解析解。创新要点：皋于弹性力学厚壁圆筒受均布压力的拉姆解答和Mohr—Coulomb屈服条件,推导了考虑渗流作用和应力释放时含衬砌深埋隧道的弹塑性解,并采用FLAC3D有限差分程序验证了其正确性。研究方法：通过理论分析建立考虑渗流作用和应力释放的含衬砌深埋圆形隧道的解析模型（图1）,然后推导了基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的隧道同岩与衬砌渗流场、位移场和应力场计算的弹塑性解析公式,并通过数值模拟程序（图2）验证了推导公式的正确性。重要结论：基于前人研究皋础,推导获得了深埋富水隧道应力与位移场分布的理论解析解,并通过数值模拟方法验证了其正确性。该解析解一方面可以用于深埋高水头隧道的预设计,如预测隧道周围的水压力、应力场和位移场分布规律,另一方面可用于校核大型复杂数值模型的正确性。     

论Geo—slope中背水面边界条件选取问题

对西安市某均质土坝,库水位在最高水位的工况下,用有限元分析软件Geo—slope计算分析了背水面不同高度的透水边界对渗流场和背水面边坡安全系数的计算结果的影响。结果发现,背水面透水边界在合理的高度以下上升时总流量、出溢流量、出溢口处水力坡降、背水面边坡安全系数增大;背水面透水边界在合理的高度以上升高时这四个代表值减小。说明了合理的背水面透水边界为各个流场代表值和边坡安全系数的极值点。     

真空预压法加固软基的流固耦合数值分析

利用数值分析方法建立了软土地基模型,采用比奥固结理论,计算分析了真空预压下的软土地基流固耦合作用;并进一步分析了真空度损耗率、密封墙、塑料排水板打设深度等因素对软基加固效果的影响。分析结果表明:在抽真空早期,地表沉降增长很快,达到一定天数后,沉降值逐渐趋于稳定;真空负压沿深度、水平方向上损耗,在加固软土外围形成一个零孔隙水压力面;真空度损耗率、塑料排水板打设深度对真空预压加固软土的效果影响很大;侧向密封墙对加固区内土体影响不大,但其限制了真空负压的侧向传递,使影响区的地基沉降大幅减小。     

3D finite element analysis of TBM water diversion tunnel segment coupled with seepage field

In most studies of tunnel boring machine(TBM)tunnelling, the groundwater pressure was not considered, or was simplified and exerted on the boundary of lining structure. Meanwhile, the leakage, which mainly occurs in the segment joints, was often ignored in the relevant studies of TBM tunnelling. Additionally, the geological models in these studies were simplified to different extents, and mostly were simplified as homogenous bodies. Considering the deficiencies above, a 3D refined model of the surrounding rock of a tunnel is firstly established using NURBS-TIN-BReP hybrid data structure in this paper. Then the seepage field of the surrounding rock considering the leakage in the segment joints is simulated. Finally, the stability of TBM water diversion tunnel is studied coupled with the seepage simulation, to analyze the stress-strain conditions, the axial force and the bending moment of tunnel segment considering the leakage in the segment joints. The results illustrate that the maximum radial displacement, the minimum principal stress, the maximum principal stress and the axial force of segment lining considering the seepage effect are all larger than those disregarding the seepage effect.     

一洞双机TBM给排水设计和布置

针对某隧洞工程施工,阐述了一洞双机TBM施工中给排水的重要性,分析计算了给排水容量,并合理设计和布置了TBM供水和隧洞排水设施,进行了给排水系统操作分析,其目的是为TBM的快速、稳定掘进创造良好施工条件。     

盾构隧道施工引起铁路路基沉降槽宽度系数计算方法

盾构隧道施工不可避免地对隧道周围地层产生扰动,从而产生地层损失和路基沉降,路基沉降分析是盾构隧道的一个重要方面。基于Peck公式,逐步推导出单洞盾构隧道下穿铁路轨道路基沉降槽宽度系数的计算公式,从而对Peck公式进行修正,并结合福州地铁一号线的监测数据进一步验证了修正后的Peck公式的合理性和适用性。     

梯度饱和土层的一维固结度的计算

研究了梯度饱和土层在外荷载下的固结作用,利用Biot理论给出了固结的基本微分方程,一些材料常数假设为指数模型,当梯度系数为零时,退化为一维均匀饱和土层的固结,利用分离变量等方法,得到透水和不透水边界条件下孔隙压力,给出了固结度曲线。当梯度系数不为零时,给出了梯度饱和土在外荷载下的孔隙压力,利用固结度的定义,数值算例出了梯度饱和土层的固结度变化曲线,分析和讨论了梯度系数等对固结度的影响。这些结果对地基下沉量计算和预测有一定的理论价值和意义。     

公路隧道排水基层验证试验心得

隧道路面排水基层,在隧道路面工程中起着相当重要的作用,它既要承担行车荷载,还要排除部分来自路面清洁、消防、行车和隧道围岩的渗水。就现行《公路隧道施工技术规范JTGF60-2009》、《公路隧道设计规范JTGD70-2004》非常粗略,并无隧道路面结构层及原材料相关技术标准要求,在实际施工过程中,只能完全依赖设计文件要求或参考其他资料进行相关试验。这样以来一：给施工、及工程管理带来不便,二：无形中给工程埋下质量隐患。     

隧道顶拱沉降自动化监测技术实证研究——以京沪高铁西渴马隧道工程为例

隧道开挖过程中,顶拱沉降观测是围岩变形监控量测的主要方法。文章结合京沪高铁西渴马隧道工程实践,介绍了顶拱沉降观测中采用的静力水准仪自动化测量法,并全面分析了此种新方法在观测精度、稳定性、特别是在自动化观测方面具有传统方法无法比拟的优势。     

Applications of airtight concrete grouting to road tunnels

Road tunnel excavation often traverses coal strata,which is at risk of firedamp explosion that usually results in disaster.Airtight concrete grouting is popularly used in this kind of tunnel project,Based on the essential theory of mechanics of fluids in prous media,the principle of improving concrete airtight property and its influential factors are investigated.The proportioning tests and monitoring method for airtight concrete are introduced,which is illustrated by a case study applied to the project of the Huayinshan Tunnel.It is proved by engineering practices that the achievement of this research work is beneficial to tunneling project across coal strata.     

北京地铁19号线新草区间洞桩法施工工序优化研究

为提高洞桩法在地铁区间隧道施工过程中的安全性,本文依托北京地铁19号线新草区间暗挖段工程,利用有限差分数值计算软件对洞桩法施工暗挖段导洞开挖及桩施工进行工序优化研究.对比分析了六种施工工序后地表沉降变形的影响规律.研究结果表明:路面沉降极值均出现在二衬拱顶正上方位置,且六种工况中以工况五的-19.2mm为最小.采用工况...     

软土地面中机械化双叠隧道的三维数值模拟

研究目的：通过三维数值模拟,研究隧道施工过程对双叠隧道的影响。创新要点：使用全三维数值模拟方法研究软土中双叠隧道施工对先挖隧道或地面的影响。研究方法：1.运用FLAC软件创建双叠隧道的三维数值模型（图1）;2.分情况模拟机械化双叠隧道的挖掘过程;3.研究不同情况下的地面沉降,水平地面位移,以及隧道衬砌的法向位移、法向力、纵向力和弯曲力矩等。重要结论：1.新隧道施工对现有的隧道有很大的影响,最大影响出现在先挖上层隧道的情况下;2.一般来说,上层隧道的挖掘会比下层隧道产生更大的地面沉降;3.下层隧道产生的法向力总是比上层隧道大;4.在多数情况下,下层隧道产生的法向位移和弯曲力矩要比上层隧道小。     

利用派生成组性质相同的小断裂判断主断层的性质

同煤集团公司四台矿406采区建井期间首采工作面布置过程中,运输顺槽掘进至520m时,出现了一条落差超过煤层厚度的断层,落差和性质不明,只知道产状.在可利用的地质构造资料很少的情况下,仅利用本巷已接露的一组性质都为正断层、倾向近270°、倾角较大、落差很小的小断层组的性质、产状等要素来推断与之相距约15m左右的主断层的性质.然后提出用钻机向上打孔来探煤的方案,一次性地找到了煤层断失翼的位置,抢回了工期,节省了钻探费用.成功地解决了巷道在掘进过程中遇断的问题.     

盾构开挖顶推力对下平行隧道影响的数值分析

以滨海软土地层中盾构隧道平行上穿既有隧道为背景,通过数值仿真软件对开挖动态过程进行了精细化模拟,研究盾构隧道施工顶推力对周边地层及其内部既有隧道受力变形的影响。结果表明,在新建隧道上穿施工过程中,开挖扰动对地层的影响范围主要集中在距离开挖面-1.0~1.5D区域内(D为盾构隧道外径),扰动效果以新建隧道轴线为中心呈环状向外扩散,盾构顶推力从0.1MPa增至0.4MPa时,地表变形及1.0D范围内地层压力均增大20%以上;新建隧道平行上穿既有隧道过程中,既有隧道断面变形从横向鼓曲变为竖向拉伸,且整体出现上浮现象,顶推力达0.3MPa后,既有隧道拱底和拱顶隆起速度增加,以拱底为基准,顶推力自0.1MPa增加至0.4MPa时,隧道上浮量增大34.2%;施工过程中除保证常规地表变形监测外,对于近接平行上穿施工还需加强对既有隧道竖向变形的监控,必要时采取结构加固措施和施工参数综合调整办法,以降低开挖扰动对周边地层和结构物的影响。