Observations on the temporal correlates of reading failure

The definitions of developmental dyslexia andtemporal processing are discussed and severalconstruals of what a temporal processingdeficit might entail are illustrated. Then,using a framework developed by Farmer & Klein(1995), the proposal that a temporal processingdeficit (in vision, audition, or both) might bethe root cause of some proportion of cases ofdevelopmental dyslexia is introduced andvarious research strategies for testing thisproposal are identified. The symposium paperswhich address this general question using arange of these strategies are then criticallyreviewed. It is noted that whereas reading isa recent artifact not yet subject to any directselection pressure, its normal performancerequires the use of, and connections between,the highly evolved modules for visual patternrecognition and language. Within vision andlanguage redundant coding, which permitsperformance in the face of injuries anddegraded input, also makes it difficult todetect subtle deficits (whether temporal, ornot) unless precise tests are used. Yet suchdeficits may degrade performance on tasks (suchas reading) which require the non-copiousconnections between vision and language. Theefficacy of this pathway, I suggest, ismeasured by performance on the rapidautomatized naming (RAN) test.     

阅读的心理过程模式与外语阅读教学

20世纪60年代以来,随着认知心理学和心理语言学的发展,阅读的心理过程研究先后出现了"自下而上"的信息加工模式;"自上而下"的语言心理模式以及"交互模式和图示理论.其中的交互模式与图式理论对外语教学有较大的影响.     

英语阅读中的心理激励

本探讨了学生在进行英语阅读时存在的心理误区，并阐述了心理激励在英语阅读中的有效运用。     

An elementary survey of the reading process

This article is a study of the social construction of school desegregation in Los Angeles, California. Particular emphasis is placed on how magnet schools were presented to area residents in the local press over a period of 3 decades. I use quantitative and qualitative techniques with 355 newspaper articles. I find that magnet schools were originally discussed as part of a larger desegregation program, but that references to desegregation declined steadily. Magnet schools are now discussed as providers of academic excellence, and desegregation issues are largely ignored. This follows the current trend in political and academic circles, in which the rhetoric surrounding education is increasingly focused on standards and accountability rather than equality and access.     

Longitudinal correlates of reading comprehension difficulties in Chinese children

The present study explored the early predictors of reading comprehension difficulties in Chinese children. We originally recruited 290 Beijing and 154 Hong Kong children and further selected from each sample those (30 from Beijing and 22 from Hong Kong sample) in the lowest 25 % on reading comprehension tests across the last two consecutive testing years (Beijing: ages 9 and 10; Hong Kong: ages 8 and 9) as poor comprehenders. These groups were matched to a group of children from the same sample whose reading comprehension was above 30 % across the two final years and matched on mothers’ education levels, age, nonverbal reasoning at age 4, and Chinese word reading across the same final two consecutive years. We then examined early linguistic/cognitive skills at ages 5–9 that could distinguish the poor and typically developing groups in each city separately. Compared to the control group, poor comprehenders from both samples performed significantly and consistently worse on word reading at early ages, and generally worse on morphological compounding awareness, phonological awareness, and vocabulary knowledge from ages 6 and onwards. In addition, lexical tone sensitivity across ages and grammatical sensitivity (administered at age 5 only) failed to distinguish the two groups for the Beijing sample but did for Hong Kong children.     

阅读信念在阅读理解过程中的作用

阅读理解过程中，阅读信念的作用不容忽视的。本文介绍了三种相关的阅读信念：阅读的自我效能感；作者信息的可靠性；阅读理解过程的信念-理解文意，追索作者原义，强化自己的见解。这三种信念以及尚未被人认知的信念交织成一个信念系统，共同参与读者的阅读理解过程，影响着其阅读理解的效果。     

Cognitive skills in the reading process: a review

Some current problems in reading, as viewed by cognitive psychology, are discussed around a summary of a symposium on Reading and Lexical Access held ac, part of the International Conference on Practical Aspects of Memory (Gruneberg, Morris arid Sykes, 1978). The analysis of component processes in reading, and the analysis of reading dynamics provide apparently opposing approaches to the study of reading, but they often lead to similar conclusions about reading behaviour and are seen here to be complementary approaches. Prompted by the discussion of phonological mediation in a number of the papers we are led to the conclusion that whereas phonological reading can be observed to be used on some occasions, it is not necessaryfor word recognition and reading. Three hypotheses of its use by skilled readers are suggested—for sequential attention control, for the generation of a working memory code, and for the resolution of ambiguity by prosodics. The beginning reader may have a further use in gaining a spoken representation, and therefore recognition, of new words.     

浅析语文阅读教学中的多元解读

新一轮的课程改革在文本解读方面有着重大的变化,多元解读已引入了文学作品的阅读教学.由于文本的意义充满了未定性,再加上学生个体有着诸多的差异,因而对同一文本解读会有不同的理解,这是必然的,也是必要的.但在新课程的实施过程中,我们在这多元解读的背后也会听到一些不和谐之音.有的教师甚至已陷入了一些误区.笔者认为教师在鼓励学生进行多元解读的过程中,应多多关注以下两个方面文本这一信息本源;社会主导价值取向.     

浅析语文阅读教学中的多元解读

新一轮的课程改革在文本解读方面有着重大的变化，多元解读已引入了文学作品的阅读教学。由于文本的意义充满了未定性，再加上学生个体有着诸多的差异，因而对同一文本解读会有不同的理解，这是必然的，也是必要的。但在新课程的实施过程中，我们在这多元解读的背后也会听到一些不和谐之音。有的教师甚至已陷入了一些误区。笔者认为教师在鼓励学生进行多元解读的过程中．应多多关注以下两个方面：文本这一信息本源；社会主导价值取向。     

Psychological correlates of physical abuse in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To understand the associations between adolescent family physical maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity or psychological problems. METHODS: questionnaire survey on 489 secondary school students in Form 2 from 10 schools in Hong Kong. Questions regarding three forms of family physical maltreatment were measured: corporal punishment within the past 6 months, beaten without any reason within the past 6 months, or ever been beaten to injury. MAIN RESULT: Corporal punishment was not associated with the psychological variables after Bonferroni adjustment was made. Those who experienced the two other forms of physical maltreatment had significant and strong associations with positive Achenbach CBCL outcome (OR from 3.26 to 3.27), drug abuse problems (OR from 2.60 to 20.38), self-injurious behaviors (OR from 3.34 to 8.47) and poor perceived parental support. In addition, those who had ever been beaten to injury scored significantly lower in the "physical appearance" and "behavioral conduct" subscales of the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: In Hong Kong, some forms of family physical maltreatment (beaten for no reason and beaten to injury) were associated with a number of psychiatric/psychological problems. Further studies should be carried out to clarify whether the relationships are causal in nature.     

Motor correlates of ADHD: contribution of reading disability and oppositional defiant disorder

This study investigated whether the likelihood of motor impairment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases with the presence of other disorders, and whether the co-occurring diagnoses of reading disability (RD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) account for the motor deficits seen in ADHD. A total of 291 children (218 boys, 73 girls) participated. Six groups of children were compared: ADHD only (n = 29); RD only (n = 63); ADHD and RD (n = 47); ADHD and ODD (n = 19); ADHD, RD, and ODD (n = 21); and typically developing control children (n = 112). Motor skills were assessed with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Beery Test of Visual-Motor Integration. We found that the motor skills of the ADHD-only group did not differ from the typical control group. Furthermore, motor impairment in ADHD increased as a function of co-occurring disorders, and the presence of RD rather than ADHD predicted motor impairment.     

Longitudinal correlates and outcomes of initial reading progress for a sample of Belfast boys

The findings from this study of 100 Belfast boys, from age 4 to age 21, carried out from 1975 to 1991 relate to the long-term effects of language intervention on reading, the rates of progress of children who make a poor start and of those who make a good start, the relationship of cognitive and social variables both to the acquisition of reading skill and the use made of reading and the outcomes at age 19–21 for those found to have been good and poor readers at age 6.5. It found that the outcomes of instruction can vary substantially between individuals, suggesting that other factors must be impinging on the outcome. Degrees of social disadvantage can influence preschool development in crucial areas such as vocabulary and language development and familiarity with print. Failure at an early stage in the process can have devastating effects on attitudes and influence future progress.