一类基于比率的Leslie时滞捕食-食饵模型的持久性

利用微分方程比较原理探讨了周期情形下一类基于比率的Leslie时滞捕食-食饵模型的持久性,补充和完善了梁志清、陈兰荪和高建国等学者的工作.     

Evidence for the interchangeability of an avoidance behavior and a negative occasion setter

Recent research on avoidance behavior provided evidence that such behavior can function as a negative occasion setter. We tested this hypothesis further by investigating whether the modulatory function of a stimulus occasion setter transfers selectively to a relation previously modulated by an avoidance behavior, and whether the modulatory function of an avoidance behavior transfers selectively to a relation previously modulated by a stimulus occasion setter. The three experiments reported in this article provided evidence to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, the results of Experiment 1 suggested that the presence of counterconditioning trials is not a necessary condition for an avoidance behavior to function as a negative occasion setter. All three reported experiments support the occasionsetting account of avoidance behavior.     

Persistence of social investigatory behavior in the male rat: Evidence for long-term memory of initial copulatory experience

The duration of active social investigation by sexually mature male rats, following exposure to a novel conspecific, was investigated to assess the influence of former social experience. In Experiments 1 and 2, pretest social isolation of older males with extensive heterosexual experience and of younger males with limited heterosexual experience failed to affect their subsequent persistence in social investigation. Older and sexually experienced rats, however, engaged in significantly less investigatory behavior than did younger, sexually inexperienced males. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 demonstrated that this difference was associated with prior copulatory experience. A single copulatory series with either an intact female or a hormone-primed castrate female effected a significant and sustained decrease in social investigatory behavior. The results are interpreted as demonstrating a form of long-term memory for associations formed during initial copulatory experience.     

Conditioned defensive burying in rats: Availability of burying materials

Rats shocked once by a stationary, wire-wrapped prod mounted on the wall of the test chamber incorporated sand, wooden blocks, or commercial bedding material on the floor of the chamber into a defensive response. They moved the available material toward and over the shock prod in all three conditions, adapting the response topography to the particular demands of the available material. In the sand and bedding conditions, the rats buried the prod by pushing and spraying piles of the material with snout and forepaws, whereas, in the blocks condition they picked up the blocks with their teeth and placed them individually around the prod. In Experiment 2, the rats buried the shock prod with blocks even when they had to first carry the blocks to the prod from the back of the chamber. Thus, conditioned defensive burying is not a simple, reflexive response to objects paired with a painful stimulus: it is a complex behavioral sequence that can vary as a function of the availability of burying materials.     

Breaking the cycle of office referrals and suspensions: defensive management

This paper focuses on a strategy—Defensive Management—designed to assist teachers to better manage non‐compliance and defiance in the classroom, with the ultimate goal of reducing disciplinary referrals and flow‐on suspensions and exclusions from school. Non‐compliance and defiance are behaviours that teachers find particularly challenging and, traditionally, teachers have responded provocatively and often unsuccessfully when faced with instances of such behaviour. Drawing on an analogy with Defensive Driving, two groups of teachers (pre‐service and primary) were introduced to a strategy developed to help them avoid unproductive conflict (collisions) with students and the harm that such encounters typically result in. The findings of an exploratory study on the use of Defensive Management are reported.     

一类具HollingⅡ型功能性反应的捕食者-食饵系统的极限环

讨论食饵具有非线性密度制约的HollingⅡ型功能性反应的捕食者-食饵系统，利用微分方程定性理论，得到了该系统不存在极限环的充分条件和存在唯一稳定的极限环的充要条件．     

一类三种群的捕食-被捕食弱耦合反应扩散生态系统解的渐近性态

研究了一类非线性三种群弱耦合捕食—被捕食反应扩散系统的初边值问题,在适当的条件下,利用反应扩散方程理论、多重尺度变量和微分中值定理,结合分析技巧,对此问题解的存在性及渐近性态作了较深入的研究,得到了问题解的存在性和一致有效性.     

Infant habituation: assessments of individual differences and short-term reliability at five months

This study is concerned with individual differences and short-term reliability of infant-control habituation of visual attention. Habituation to single female faces and to single geometric patterns was observed separately in 2 groups of comparable 5-month-olds. Each group participated in habituation twice, and habituation sessions for each were separated from one another by 10 days. Across the 2 conditions, habituation was found to be distributed into 3 patterns: Most infants decreased looking and achieved criterion in a negatively exponential fashion, some infants first increased looking and then rapidly habituated, and some infants showed fluctuating and idiosyncratic looking-time functions prior to habituating. Both qualitative patterns and quantitative indexes of habituation showed moderate but significant reliability between assessment sessions. Quantitative and psychometric characteristics of habituation and the meaningfulness of habituation of attention as an index of infant cognition are discussed.     

Modulation of an activity response with associative and nonassociative fear in the rat: A lighting differential influences the form of defensive behavior evoked after fear conditioning

Rats confronted with the onset of a light gradient display a transient increase in locomotion called theactivity response (AR) and a dark preference (Godsil & Fanselow, 2004). These experiments demonstrate that the magnitude of the AR can be blunted with Pavlovian fear-conditioning procedures via associative and nonassociative fear. Although manifested in decreased locomotion, the blunted AR effect was not due to increased freezing or immobility behaviors. Instead, rats displayed reduced rearing and an increase in a class of behaviors calledstationary activity. These results suggest that the lighting differential supplied by the cue influences the topography of defensive behavior and reduces the expression of freezing. This procedure provides a means by which to examine learned and unlearned defensive responses to the same stimulus.     

Effects of instructions for on-task behavior and academic behavior: Two case studies

The effects of daily teacher instructions to “work hard” for the on-task behavior of two special education students during a math period were examined in a multiple-baseline design. The results indicated that teacher instructions could increase such behavior. Generalization to work output (the rate of correct math problems) was observed. Follow-up data revealed that the effects of the instructional procedure were of lasting duration. It was suggested that instructions could be an effective, inexpensive, easy to implement, and socially acceptable classroom intervention procedure.     

一类具功能性反应阶段结构捕食系统的持久性和全局吸引性

提出一类阶段结构捕食者具有Beddington—DeAngelis功能性反应的捕食系统,应用微分方程比较定理和Lyapunov函数方法,得到了保证系统持久性和全局吸引性的充分性条件．     

论民事诉讼非法取得证据之证据能力规则的设计

非法取得证据有无证据能力涉及到证据能力的判断标准问题,重塑证据能力的判断标准应该在证据三大属性的基础上,确立以下两大标准:证据的真实性是否会受到重大影响;证据的使用是否会导致其他更重要的社会利益受到损害。设计民事诉讼非法取得证据之证据能力的规则体系,应确立更宽容、更务实的思路。     

择“善”而读：大学生专业与兴趣阅读探微

“阅读”是世纪之交西方图书馆学的主流研究领域,在我国却一直处于边缘化。高校图书馆通过开展阅读辅导服务,推广专业与经典阅读的方法和具体措施,促使其形成主动发展的智力背景和情感商数,并在“大阅读观”的指导下,逐渐感悟读书与人生相关联的意义,具备成年后参与社会的能力。     

A study of multimodal motherese: the role of temporal synchrony between verbal labels and gestures

This study examined European American and Hispanic American mothers' multimodal communication to their infants (N = 24). The infants were from three age groups representing three levels of lexical-mapping development: prelexical (5 to 8 months), early-lexical (9 to 17 months), and advanced-lexical (21 to 30 months). Mothers taught their infants four target (novel) words by using distinct objects during a semistructured play episode. Recent research suggests that young infants rely on temporal synchrony to learn syllable-object relations, but later, the role of synchrony diminishes. Thus, mothers' target and nontarget naming were coded for synchrony and other communication styles. The results indicated that mothers used target words more often than nontarget words in synchrony with object motion and sometimes touch. Thus, multimodal motherese likely highlights target word-referent relations for infants. Further, mothers tailored their communication to infants' level of lexical-mapping development. Mothers of prelexical infants used target words in synchrony with object motion more often than mothers of early- and advanced-lexical infants. Mothers' decreasing use of synchrony across age parallels infants' decreasing reliance on synchrony, suggesting a dynamical and reciprocal environment-organismic relation.     

ADHD and dyscalculia: Evidence for independent familial transmission

The familial relationship between dyscalculia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was assessed. We conducted a familial risk analysis using probands with and without ADHD of both genders and their first-degree relatives. Participants were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and a cognitive test battery. We found elevated rates of ADHD in relatives of both ADHD proband groups, regardless of dyscalculia status, and elevated rates of dyscalculia in relatives of probands with dyscalculia, irrespective of ADHD status. There was no evidence for cosegregation or assortative mating. Our findings support the hypothesis that ADHD and dyscalculia are independently transmitted in families and are etiologically distinct. These results reinforce the current nosological approach to these disorders and underscore the need for separate identification and treatment strategies for children with both conditions.     

Correction to: Optimization Strategies for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Fuels

Transactions of Tianjin University - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00286-8