Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial

Background:Despite the strong evidence of aerobic exercise as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease(AD)in animal models,its effects on cognition are inconsistent in human studies.A major contributor to these findings is inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise,which was well documented in the general population but not in those with AD.The purpose of this study was to examine inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention in community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia due to AD.Methods:This study was a secondary analysis of the Effects of Aerobic Exercise for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease(FIT-AD)trial data.Aerobic fitness was measured by the shuttle walk test(SWT),the 6-min walk test(6MWT),and the maximal oxygen consumption(VO2max)test,and cognition by the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition(ADAS-Cog).Inter-individual differences were calculated as the differences in the standard deviation of 6-month change(SDR)in the SWT,6MWT,VO2max,and ADAS-Cog between the intervention and control groups.Results:Seventy-eight participants were included in this study(77.4±6.3 years old,mean±SD;15.7±2.8 years of education;41%were female).VO2max was available for 26 participants(77.7±7.1 years old;14.8±2.6 years of education;35%were female).The SDR was 37.0,121.1,1.7,and 2.3 for SWT,6MWT,VO2max,and ADAS-Cog,respectively.Conclusion:There are true inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to aerobic exercise in older adults with mild-tomoderate dementia due to AD.These inter-individual differences likely underline the inconsistent cognitive benefits in human studies.     

东西方艺术在雨中的一场浪漫邂逅——观战旗文工团杂技团的《空竹·雨中情》

＂I’ve a smile on my face,I walk down the lane,with a happy refrain.I’m singing,singing in the rain,in the rain.＂（我的脸上露出微笑,我走在街上,唱着欢乐的歌。我欢唱着,在雨中欢唱,在雨中。）20世纪50年代,美国好莱坞一部杰出的歌舞片《雨中情》,曾令无数人为之痴迷,其中的主题曲历经岁月洗礼,至今魅力不减。     

盲人和爱犬的山径之旅

The end off the Road 山径终点At tenth of a mile before the finish line at KatahdinStream Campground, Buzz asked Orient and me to stop whilethe rest of the crowd went ahead. I guess it was right thatOrient and I should walk the last stretch as we began, just thetwo of the Lord and us. It was another one of those moments ofnear completion that was overshadowed by the joy of the process.I felt as if we were counting down the final seconds of agame in which victory had long been assured. At t…     

Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities:Energy costs of human activities in adults aged 60 and older

Purpose:To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Compendium).Methods:Physical activities(PAs) and their metabolic equivalent of task(MET) values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus) and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults.MET values were computed as the oxygen cos...     

Poetic Dwelling in the Repressive Urban Space——A Spatial Narratological Study of the Existential Crisis in J.D.Salinger's "The Young Folks",The Catcher in the Rye and Franny and Zooey

In the 1950s and early 1960s,the American society took on an air of unprecedented material prosperity.However,the flourishing economy failed to provide people with the spiritual content they expected to come with it.The inanition in the spiritual world and the affluence in the material world created a sharp contrast which led to a growing sense of anxiety and dissatisfaction.As a result,"many Americans reacted to these developments with ambivalence,even hostility." (Brinkley 1999:1010) It was against this milieu that Jerome David Salinger examines his growth as a young middle class American in retrospect and started his literary career.     

Exercise is medicine for type 2 diabetes: An interview with Dr. Sheri R. Colberg

Diabetes,mainly type 2 diabetes(T2D),is a major cause of blindness,kidney failure,heart attack,stroke,and lower limb amputation.Worldwide,the number of people with diabetes rose from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 and further to 537 million in 2021,and the prevalence has been rising more rapidly in low-and middle-income countries according to a report by the World Health Organization1 and the latest data from the International Diabetes Federation.2 The positive role of physical activity(PA)and exercise as a prevention and treatment medicine for T2D has been well documented,and both the American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)and the American Diabetes Association(ADA)have issued position statements on the effects of PA and exercise on diabetes.     

齐门尼 我不喜欢流浪

Jamaica-born Friend Kimani is a star in the Chinese BasketballAssociation League.Brought up in a small China Town in Jamaicawith his mother good at cooking Chinese dishes,Kimani is moreChinese than any foreign recruits in the league. The 2.14-meter-center is a fighter,who helped the BeijingShougang Ducks finish third last season.In a game against     

约会明天

The report delivered by Jiang Zemin to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has clearly put forward the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China. The term "xiaokang", or "well-off society", which means a society in which all people lead a fairly comfortable life, was first used by late Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, who was reputed as the "chief architect" of China's reform and opening up drive. What concerns this magazine most is what recreational sports are going to be in "xiaokang" society. The following sports are expected to be more popular in the future 20 years.     

中国体育,“强体”迎“瘦身”

Baseball, softball and modern pentathlon are expected to stay in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games following the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) decision on November 29, 2002 to postpone a vote on dropping the three sports.After debating on a controversial report on slimming the Olympic Program for the 2008 Games, the IOC Session held in Mexico City decided to put off any final decision until after the 2004 Athens Olympics.     

被酒缸淹没的神话(英文)

At the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam young American Eleanor Holm, at just fourteen years of age, competed against the world's best in the 100 meter backstroke making the finals and finishing a strong fifth. Four years later at the Summer Games in Los Angeles she won the gold medal in that event, setting a world record, and became the darling of the press     

Impact of age on host responses to diet-induced obesity:Development of joint damage and metabolic set points

Background:Osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of pain and disability worldwide,and a large percentage of patients with osteoarthritis are individuals who are also obese.In recent years,a series of animal models have demonstrated that obesity-inducing diets can result in synovial joint damage(both with and without the superimposition of trauma),which may be related to changes in percentage of body fat and a series of low-level systemic inflammatory mediators.Of note,there is a disparity between whether the dietary challenges commence at weaning,representing a weanling onset,or at skeletal maturity,representing an adult onset of obesity.We wished to evaluate the effect ofthe dietary exposure time and the age at which animals are exposed to a high-fat and high-sucrose(HFS) diet to determine whether these factors may result in disparate outcomes,as there is evidence suggesting that these factors result in differential metabolic disturbances.Based on dietary exposure time,we hypothesized that rats fed an HFS diet for 14 weeks from weaning(HFS Weanling) would demonstrate an increase in knee joint damage scores,whereas rats exposed to the HFS diet for 4 weeks,starting at 12 weeks of age(HFS Adult) and rats exposed to a standard chow diet(Chow)would not display an increase in knee joint damage scores.Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either an HFS diet for 14 weeks from weaning(HFS Weanling) or an HFS diet for 4 weeks,starting at 12 weeks of age(HFS Adult).At sacrifice,joints were scored using the modified Mankin Criteria,and serum was analyzed for a defined subset of inflammatory markers(Interleukin-6,leptin,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,and tumor necrosis factorα).Results:When the HFS Weanling and HFS Adult groups were compared,both groups had a similar percent of body fat,although the HFS Weanling group had a significantly greater body mass than the HFS Adult group.The HFS Weanling and HFS Adult animals had a significant increase in body mass and percentage of body fat when compared to the Chow group.Although knee joint damage scores were low in all 3 groups,we found,contrary to our hypothesis,that the HFS Adult group had statistically significant greater knee joint damage scores than the Chow and HFS Weanling groups.Furthermore,we observed that the HFS Weanling group did not have significant differences in knee joint damage scores relative to the Chow group.Conclusion:These findings indicate that the HFS Weanling animals were better able to cope with the dietary challenge of an HFS diet than the HFS Adult group.Interestingly,when assessing various serum proinflammatory markers,no significant differences were detected between the HTS Adult and HFS Weanling groups.Although details regarding the mechanisms underlying an increase in knee joint damage scores in the HFS Adult group remain to be elucidated,these findings indicate that dietary exposure time maybe less important than the age at which an HFS diet is introduced.Moreover,increases in serum proinflammatory mediators do not appear to be directly linked to knee joint damage scores in the HFS Weanling group animals but may be partially responsible for the observed knee joint damage in the adults over the very short time of exposure to the HFS diet.     

Social correlates of sedentary behavior in young people:The UP&DOWN study

Purpose:The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations of youths' sedentary behavior(SB) with parents' and siblings' SB and physical activity(PA),as well as the associations of youths' coparticipation with parents,siblings,and friends in PA and SB with youths' SB.Methods:The sample consisted of 1543 youths(12.02±2.51 years;788 boys) enrolled in the baseline cohort of the UP&DOWN study.SB was assessed by accelerometry and questionnaire.Participants reported the time spent by their parents and siblings watching television,playing videogames,surfing the Internet,sitting/resting,and doing PA.Further,participants reported coparticipation with parents,siblings,and friends in these activities.Linear mixed models,including school and city as random effects,were performed.Results:Parents' television time was positively associated with youths' screen-based SB.Coparticipation with friends in playing videogames(in boys) and in surfing the Internet(in girls) showed a positive association with screen-based SB and a negative association with educational-based SB.Moreover,coparticipation with siblings and friends in PA was inversely associated with accelerometer-based SB in boys and girls.Conclusion:Our results emphasize the important role of social modeling in the development of sedentary lifestyles in youths.Interventions aimed at reducing health risk behaviors in youths could be more effective if they are oriented from a social perspective that involves their families and networks of their closest friends.     

联想都灵 咖啡物语

Chinese computer-maker Lenovo will compete in the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, but the prize is more than a shiny medal. It will use the quadrennial sporting gala as a launching pad for a global marketing campaign.     

Situational interest impacts college students’physical activity in a design-based bike exergame

Background:Active videogames or exergames have been used as an innovative way to promote physical activity(PA)among various populations.A player’s interest in active videogames is associated with the fun and entertaining nature of the games and may trigger situational interest,thus increasing engagement.The goal of this study was to examine the impact of situational interest dimensions on college students’PA when playing the design-based bike exergame Greedy Rabbit(Vescape,Berlin,Germany).Methods:Sixty undergraduate students(age:20.8±1.3 years,mean±SD,18-25 years old;51.7%males)were recruited from the kinesiology department of a university located in the southern region of Belgium.The participants were assigned to an experimental group(n=41)or a control group(n=19)based on an incremental cycling test.Students in the experimental group engaged in 1 session of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape)while students in the control group engaged in 1 session of a placebo version of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape).The length of the sessions ranged from 24 min to 31 min.Results:Results for the control group indicated that the players’PA metrics(cadence:F(19,360)=1.43,p=0.11;heart rate:F(19.360)=1.16,p=0.29;oxygen consumption:F(19,360)=0.83,p=0.67)were stable during the exergame.Results for the experimental group demonstrated the effects of time on the players’PA metrics and revealed significant associations between the change in the players’situational interest dimensions and PA metrics(cadence:F(19,800)=26.30,p<0.01;heart rate:F(19,800)=19.77,p<0.01;oxygen consumption:F(19,800)=10.04,p<0.01).Conclusion:An approach using a design-based exergame may be a relevant strategy for promoting levels of PA that yields positive health-related outcomes among college students.     

徐明:我要建设百年俱乐部

To make the Dalian club better known in the world, Xu Minghas been building a rapport with the English giant ManchesterUnited.Bobby Charlton has opened a restaurant-bar owned byManchester United in China as part of efforts to negotiate thetransfer of Dalian teenage striker Dong Fangzhuo.Charlton, a director at United, opened the club's solerestaurant, bar and marketing point in China with Xu Ming.Rumors that United is preparing a hefty fee for the 18-year-old forward have been circulati…     

Maximizing recovery time between knock-out races improves sprint cross-country skiing performance

Background:In a sprint cross-country(XC)ski competition,the difference in recovery times separating the first and the second semi-final(SF)heats from the final(F)may affect performance.The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of longer vs.shorter recovery periods prescribed between the 3 knock-out races of a simulated sprint XC ski competition involving a prologue(P),quarter-final(QF),SF,and F.Methods:Eleven well-trained XC ski athletes completed 2 simulated sprint XC ski competitions on a treadmill involving 4×883-m roller-ski bouts at a 4°incline using the gear 3 ski-skating sub-technique.The first 3 bouts were completed at a fixed speed(PFIX,QFFIX,and SFFIX)corresponding to~96%of each individual’s previously determined maximal effort.The final bout was performed as a self-paced sprint time trial(FSTT).Test conditions differed by the time durations prescribed between the QFFIX,SFFIX,and FSTT,which simulated real-world XC ski competition conditions using maximum(MAX-REC)or minimum(MIN-REC)recovery periods.Results:The FSTT was completed 5.4±5.5 s faster(p=0.009)during MAX-REC(179.2±18.1 s)compared to MIN-REC(184.6±20.0 s),and this was linked to a significantly higher power output(p=0.010)and total metabolic rate(p=0.009).The pre FSTT blood lactate(BLa)concentration was significantly lower during MAX-REC compared to MIN-REC(2.5±0.8 mmol/L vs.3.6±1.6 mmol/L,respectively;p=0.027),and the pre-to-post FSTT increase in BLa was greater(8.8±2.1 mmol/L vs.7.1±2.3 mmol/L,respectively;p=0.024).No other differences for MAX-REC vs.MIN-REC reached significance(p>0.05).Conclusion:Performance in a group of well-trained XC skiers is negatively affected when recovery times between sprint heats are minimized which,in competition conditions,would occur when selecting the last QF heat.This result is combined with a higher pre-race BLa concentration and a reduced rise in BLa concentration under shorter recovery conditions.These findings may help inform decision making when XC skiers are faced with selecting a QF heat within a sprint competition.     

Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

Background:Due to its clinically proven safety and health benefits,functional electrical stimulation(FES) cycling has become a popularexercise modality for individuals with spinal cord injury(SCI).Since its inception in 2013,the Cybathlon championship has been a platform for publicizing the potential of FES cycling in rehabilitation and exercise for individuals with SCI.This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on FES cycling for individuals wi...     

Overtraining/Overreaching:Leptin and Ghrelin in Male Recruits

Background In many sports,athletes with low body weight and/or low body fat content have a distinct advantage over their opponents.Such an advantage can easily turn into a noticeable disadvantage because low body weight and 'leanness' may also be associated with health problems.Anorexia Athletica(AA) is associated with leanness and thinness in female and male sports athletes despite the fact that these athletes are often very successful.High-competitive athletes often restrict their caloric intake and/or increase their energy expenditure to maintain a low body mass and/or a low amount of body fat.Several metabolic and endocrine disturbances are often the result of prolonged energy restriction.These disturbances can be detected by alterations in the hormonal profile(low levels of leptin,increased levels of ghrelin) and in changes in body composition.     

北京的绿色宣言

Beijing Organizing Committee of the 2008 Olympic Games (BOCOG) released a draft of the Ecological Environment Protection Plan on September 6.The Ecological Environment Protection Plan, a part of the "Beijing Olympic Action Plan", will serve as the guideline for the city's environmental development in the next six years.The draft plan, which is composed of six parts, is subject to public opinions In the following month, said BOCOG. BOCOG will revise the draft in accordance with the public opinionsand then work out the final edition.     

The secrets to running economy

<正>Every once in a while,a sport is revolutionized by a discovery or a new invention.In the mid-1980s,cross-country skiing was changed forever by the introduction of the skating technique.Dick Fosbury revolutionized high-jumping when he won the Olympic Games by crossing the bar"backwards",and the development of the"klapp-skate"led to vast improvements of world records in speed skating.