英国师范生资助政策研究

英国师范生资助政策作为英国高等教育的一个分支大体上划分为免费加补助时期、贷款加补助时期和贷款、补助加额外助学金时期三个主要阶段。英国师范生资助政策具有资助目的适时调整、资助力度因人而异、资助方式灵活多样等特点。深入研究英国师范生资助政策,对完善我国师范生资助政策,提高师范教育质量具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

英国教师职前培养资助政策的演变及其启示

19世纪以来,英国政府对师范生多采用免除学费和住宿费的资助政策。1890年设立的走读师范学院对师范生免收学费。20世纪60年代,受舒尔茨人力资本理论的影响,政府对包括师范生在内的所有大学生采取免费政策。20世纪80年代末以来,英国政府对大学生全面收费政策实施后,政府通过提供助学贷款、生活补助金、助学金等方式来资助师范生。在师范生毕业后试用期满,英国政府根据其任教科目给予合格者奖励,以鼓励优秀大学生从教。这些经验对完善我国免费师范生教育政策,提高免费师范生的培养质量,具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

高校助学贷款历史回顾和问题分析

在众多的资助学生的手段中(助学金、勤工俭学、奖学金和助学贷款),助学贷款被公认是一种较好的资助方式,在其它国家已很普遍,目前世界上大约有50多个国家开展助学贷款业务。2004年是国家助学贷款正式实施以来的第一个大面积还款年,在这个背景下,研究助学贷款机制、借鉴成熟市场经济国家高等教育助学贷款的制度安排,提出进一步完善国家助学贷款的方案,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

基于公共财政的家庭经济困难学生资助体系的问题研究

目前我国基于公共财政的家庭经济困难生资助政策主要有国家奖学金、国家助学贷款、国家助学金、部属师大的免费师范生教育等。本文旨在分析资助体系存在的问题,以期建立更为有效的家庭经济困难生资助体系,促进高等教育公平。     

高校助学贷款历史回顾和问题分析

在众多的资助学生的手段中(助学金、勤工俭学、奖学金和助学贷款)，助学贷款被公认是一种较好的资助方式，在其它国家已很普遍，目前世界上大约有50多个国家开展助学贷款业务。2004年是国家助学贷款正式实施以来的第一个大面积还款年，在这个背景下，研究助学贷款机制、借鉴成熟市场经济国家高等教育助学贷款的制度安排，提出进一步完善国家助学贷款的方案，具有十分重要的现实意义。     

高校学生资助体系的完善与发展——以H省为例

学生资助狭义上指用物质上的财物资助学生完成学业,广义上还包括从精神上对学生的支持、鼓励和嘉勉。目前我国学生资助体系已初具雏形,包括奖学金、助学金、助学贷款、勤工助学、学费减免、特殊困难补助、学费代偿、绿色通道等形式,各种资助形式互相补充,形成了一个比较完整的体系。     

英、美大学生助学教育资助模式对我国的启示

英国实施的免费加助学金模式以及美国实施的混合资助模式,对我国大学生资助政策改革和制度建构的启示是多方面的,主要有以下几点：一要发挥政府主体和主导作用,加大财政投入力度;二要继续改革国家助学贷款制度,构建和完善助学贷款体系;三要动员社会力量,吸引各界资助;四要增加新项目的开发,扩大资助受助面。     

为教育储备英才:日本大学生贷款还款特别豁免

日本的国家大学生资助完全采取贷款形式,但是贷款制度有其固有的缺陷。为克服贷款制度的不足,服务于国家发展战略,吸引优秀大学生进入教师行业,日本政府在贷款制度的基础上设计出了还款特别豁免制度。贷款者只要从事教育和研究工作,满足国家规定的条件后就可以获得还款特别豁免。该制度实行50多年来为日本教师队伍输送了大批人才。     

构建贷奖助补免的助学体系

在党的十六大报告第六部分有关教育事业发展的论述中,专门提出了要"完善国家资助贫困学生的政策和制度".按照十六大报告的要求,我院从2002年开始,把助学金制度与勤工助学金、助学贷款、特困补助、减免学费等形式相互结合,精心构建助学帮困系统,确保没有一名大学生因经济困难而辍学.     

英国大学生资助政策的演进与启示

在过去20多年中,英国改变了"免费上大学加助学金"的政策,分三步走,建构起"先上学,后付费"的"学生贷款与助学金混合资助"体系.它的内涵是:所有大学生都可以贷款付学费,毕业就业后"按收入比例还贷",由"税务部门回收贷款".特别困难的学生还可以申请生活费贷款和助学金.政府还对师范生等给予专业津贴,吸引出身贫寒但学业优秀的学生学习社会急需的专业.英国的改革进程和资助政策体系都值得我们研究借鉴.     

Understanding When Teachers Disagree about Student Disability

The persistent racial and ethnic disparities in special education in the United States raise concerns about the potential misidentification of students. While previous studies have focused on how various student and school factors influence teacher decisions, there is less attention on when teachers disagree about student disability or special education. The current study uses national data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 to examine when teachers disagreed in their perception of student disability for more than 10,000 high school students. A unique feature of the data is each student is observed in two different subject classrooms, providing an opportunity to examine how differences in student achievement, behavior, and teacher characteristics influence when teachers disagreed in their judgment of student disability. The results indicate that teachers were more likely to disagree when student behavior varied across classrooms, while differences in student achievement and teacher characteristics were not related to disagreement. The study also found that teachers disagreed more for students who were Black, male, and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The main findings highlight how disability is often a context-dependent social construct and have implications for how students are identified for special education.     

我国中小学生师比与平均班额解悖分析——从我国与部分OECD国家的比较角度

为解决我国中小学生师比与平均班额之间存在的"悖论",通过与部分OECD国家进行比较,发现我国教育经费投入严重不足、教师工作量过大、学生课业负担较重、教育规划布局不尽合理这四个方面,是导致我国中小学生师比与平均班额反常发展、班级规模居高不下的重要原因。     

The place of the practicum in pre‐service teacher education: the voice of the students

The focus of this paper is the importance student teachers attribute to the practical experience of their teacher education program, the practicum. Four hundred and eighty student teachers from the largest teacher education institution in Israel responded to a questionnaire with 68 closed items asking for their evaluation of various components of the teacher education program in relation to preparing them for teaching, and about sources for support during the practicum. The main findings show that the practicum is evaluated highly by a large majority of students; however, students find importance in the more theoretical aspects of their education as well. Institutional‐based supervisors of the practicum were perceived by student teachers to provide the strongest support, alongside peers and school‐based mentors. School principals were perceived not to be supportive of student teachers during the practicum. The findings align with previous research in terms of importance of the practical aspects in preparation for teaching, however not as a replacement for theoretical courses. Moreover, findings suggest that school principals do not include school‐based teacher education as part of their professional responsibility.     

The distribution of pedagogical content knowledge in Cambodia: Gaps and thresholds in math achievement

Increasing teacher quality is a major objective of recent Cambodian education policy. In mathematics education literature, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has emerged as a critical component of teacher quality that is strongly linked to student achievement. In this study I use data from a large survey of Cambodian schools to investigate the effect of math teachers’ PCK on third grade student achievement. I use ordinary least squares and Quantile Regression analyses to examine this aspect of teacher quality. I find that pedagogical knowledge is a strong predictor of student math achievement in Cambodia in comparison to other student, school, and background variables, but that the effect is concentrated among higher achieving students. Quantile Regression with this dataset also exposes gaps and thresholds in achievement associated with other explanatory variables. In addition, I investigate the proportional distribution of teacher PCK in Cambodia and find that lower quality teachers are more likely to be teaching lower achieving students of lower socioeconomic status.     

我国高等教育学费与学生资助政策

本文分析了在中国高等教育扩招后高校学费水平及学生家庭负担,贫困学生大量出现的现象。国家也采取了一系列的助学措施:国家助学贷款,奖学金,勤工助学,困难补助,学费减免等,但是资助政策在实施中存在诸多问题。文章分析了助学所取得的成绩及出现的问题等,并提出了几点建议。     

Exploring Biology Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Teaching of Genetics in Swaziland Science Classrooms

This study explored the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and its development of four experienced biology teachers in the context of teaching school genetics. PCK was defined in terms of teacher content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of students’ preconceptions and learning difficulties. Data sources of teacher knowledge base included teacher-constructed concept maps, pre- and post-lesson teacher interviews, video-recorded genetics lessons, post-lesson teacher questionnaire and document analysis of teacher's reflective journals and students’ work samples. The results showed that the teachers’ individual PCK profiles consisted predominantly of declarative and procedural content knowledge in teaching basic genetics concepts. Conditional knowledge, which is a type of meta-knowledge for blending together declarative and procedural knowledge, was also demonstrated by some teachers. Furthermore, the teachers used topic-specific instructional strategies such as context-based teaching, illustrations, peer teaching, and analogies in diverse forms but failed to use physical models and individual or group student experimental activities to assist students’ internalization of the concepts. The finding that all four teachers lacked knowledge of students’ genetics-related preconceptions was equally significant. Formal university education, school context, journal reflection and professional development programmes were considered as contributing to the teachers’ continuing PCK development. Implications of the findings for biology teacher education are briefly discussed.     

The practicum experiences of English Language Major student teachers during a period of profound curriculum reform in China

This paper provides an analysis of the issues faced by Chinese student teachers and, by extension, their supervisors, when curriculum reform challenges existing practices in schools and universities. The paper draws on the experiences of 10 English Language Major student teachers as they think about, make sense of, and undertake their extended practicum in the fourth year of their teacher education program. The students, from the School of Foreign Languages at a major teacher education university in the northeast region of Mainland China are challenged by the complexity of the practicum as they attempt to negotiate the differing expectations of their school advisors and university supervisor. The analysis highlights two related issues: the difficulties faced by reform efforts in China and the disjuncture between school and university expectations for practicum students in light of these initiatives. Importantly, these results add to and prompt further development of the nascent literature on the student teacher practicum in China.     

Correlations between teacher and student background and teacher perceptions of discipline problems and disciplinary techniques

A survey of elementary school teachers was conducted to examine the relations between teacher perceptions of discipline problems and disciplinary techniques and five background characteristics of teachers and students: (a) teacher education, (b) teacher experience, (c) student social class, (d) student ethnicity, and (e) student grade level. In general, more experienced and educated teachers preferred confronting students about misbehavior, while less educated teachers rated physical or verbal punishments more favorably. Teachers in schools serving lower social classes and/or more minority students reported more discipline problems and more use of physical punishment. Many other significant relations were reported.     

提高我国国家助学贷款政策执行成效的路径选择

国家助学贷款的有效实施,对推动高校学生资助体系的优化、促进教育公平起到了重要作用。但自1999年开始试点以来,实施效果并不是很理想。因此,需要树立正确的执行理念、充分发挥政府的作用、完善国家助学贷款的制度和机制建设,从而提高国家助学贷款政策实施的成效。