Early Childhood Housing Instability and School Readiness

This study assesses the consequences of housing instability during the first 5 years of a child's life for a host of school readiness outcomes. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2,810), this study examines the relation between multiple moves and children's language and literacy and behavior problems at age 5. The moderating role of poverty is further tested in this relation. The findings show that moving three or more times in a child's first 5 years is significantly associated with increases in attention problems, and internalizing and externalizing behavior, but only among poor children.     

Self-Regulation and School Readiness

RESEARCH FINDINGS: In this article, we review research on the relations of self-regulation and its dispositional substrate, effortful control, to variables involved in school success. First, we present a conceptual model in which the relation between self-regulation/effortful control and academic performance is mediated by low maladjustment and high-quality relationships with peers and teachers, as well as school engagement. Then we review research indicating that effortful control and related skills are indeed related to maladjustment, social skills, relationships with teachers and peers, school engagement, as well as academic performance. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Initial findings are consistent with the view that self-regulatory capacities involved in effortful control are associated with the aforementioned variables; only limited evidence of mediated relations is currently available.     

入学准备在美国:不仅仅是入学准备

本文分析了儿童入学准备问题在美国引起社会普遍关注的原因,指出入学准备问题不仅仅是学前教育领域中的问题,实际上是一个涉及教育公平和种族和谐的社会政治问题;介绍了美国政府最近推出的旨在解决入学准备上的社会经济阶层、种族和族群差距的一系列政策措施;结合我国学前教育的政策和体制改革,讨论了从中可获得的启示.     

Social Relationships and School Readiness

Definitions of school readiness tend to focus on social and academic competencies that children are presumed to need to start school ready to learn. However, a child-focused definition of school readiness is limited because it neither identifies processes that lead children to acquire these competencies, nor does it recognize children's dependence on opportunities within settings that support development of these competencies. The model of school readiness presented in this article broadly defines school readiness as a function of an organized system of interactions and transactions among people (children, teachers, parents, and other caregivers), settings (home, school, and child care), and institutions (communities, neighborhoods, and governments). We propose that the primary mechanisms through which children acquire readiness-related competencies are social relationships children form with peers, parents, and teachers. This perspective on school readiness, emphasizing the mediating role of relational processes, offers guidance for designing interventions to improve school readiness through strengthening relationships between parents and children, parents and teachers, and teachers and children.     

迟说话儿童的入学准备状况

本研究通过儿童入学准备综合测评工具对60名迟说话儿童及313名语言正常发展儿童进行测验,考察了迟说话儿童与语言正常发展儿童的入学准备水平是否存在差异,以及这些差异表现在哪些方面.结果表明,学前组和小学组的迟说话儿童入学准备水平总分(M学前472.04,M小学=474.54)均低于语言正常发展儿童(M学前=505.36,M小学=504.88),二者差异显著(F学前=18.57,p<0.001;F小学=8.86,p<0.01);在五个分测验上,学前组迟说话儿童五领域得分都显著低于正常儿童,小学组迟说话儿童除了在情绪与社珑会性和动作技能上与语言正常发展儿童差异不显著外,其它三个分测验上的得分仍显著低于正常儿童.这表明迟说话儿童的整体入学准备水平显著落后于语言正常发展儿童.     

Links Between Preschoolers' Behavioral Regulation and School Readiness Skills: The Role of Child Gender

Research Findings: We examined relations among preschoolers' behavioral regulation, gender, and school readiness outcomes in preacademic and classroom skills using a sample of South Korean preschoolers aged 3–5 (N = 229). Behavioral regulation was assessed using a direct measure, the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task, which requires children to switch rules by responding in the opposite way to 4 different oral commands. Results demonstrated nonsignificant gender differences in behavioral regulation and academic skills but significant gender differences in classroom work-related skills and social skills, with higher scores for girls. Multilevel path modeling revealed that behavioral regulation predicted none of the preacademic skills and classroom behaviors after child age, gender, verbal intelligence, maternal education, and classroom nesting were controlled. However, there was an interaction effect of behavioral regulation and gender for early reading; the contribution of behavioral regulation to early reading was positive and stronger for boys. Practice or Policy: These results suggest that behavioral regulation is not an overall strong predictor of school readiness in South Korean children. Early educators need to support the development of behavioral regulation skills, especially for boys, as these skills may work as an important path to school readiness when children lack other classroom social strategies and resources.     

家庭社会经济地位与儿童学习品质及入学认知准备之间的关系

学习品质是入学准备的重要内容。本研究以143名来自不同社会经济地位家庭的小学一年级新生为对象,通过观察其完成测试任务时的相关表现,比较其学习品质的发展状况,并考察学习品质与认知准备间的关系。结果显示,家庭社经地位对儿童的学习品质有明显的影响。高社会经济地位家庭的儿童在主动性想像和创造能力好奇心专注程度和目标意识方面的表现显著优于社会经济地位较低家庭的儿童;学习品质与儿童认知准备之间存在高相关。     

社会经济地位不利儿童的入学准备

入学准备状态是指学龄前儿童为了能够从即将开始的正规学校教育中受益所需要具备的各种关键特征或基础条件。国外关于社会经济地位不利儿童入学准备状态研究的新进展是:(1)低社会经济地位儿童的入学准备状况;(2)影响低社会经济地位儿童入学准备的背景因素;(3)改善低社会经济地位儿童入学准备状况的干预措施。     

School Work,Homework and Gender

This paper explores female and male students' attitudes towards school work in terms of application and achievement. The data are drawn from interviews with students, teachers, careers officers and welfare officers in three semi‐rural comprehensive schools in one local education authority (LEA) [1]. (The students were in their last year of compulsory schooling, Year 11, and were aged 16 [2].) The three schools had invited the authors to explore why boys were achieving below their potential in terms of course work and end of course grades. The findings of the study show how school, peer group and community factors influence students' attitudes towards school work and homework. However, the situation is not just one of boys' under‐performance: the pattern of girls' achievement at 16 (the school leaving age) is not always carried through post‐16 or into career destinations. The problem is one of ‘equalising opportunities’ for all young people, taking into account the different patterns of need at different stages in their school careers.     

不同社会经济地位家庭儿童的入学数学准备状况比较

为探讨家庭社会经济地位(SES)与儿童入学数学准备的关系,本研究以143名来自不同SES家庭的一年级新生为对象,比较其数学准备的状况。结果表明,家庭的SES对孩子的数学准备状况有明显的影响。SES较高家庭的子女在类概念、数与计算、量、时间和空间、模式和统计各方面的表现都明显优于SES较低家庭的儿童。为使儿童在入学时有一个相对一致的起点,政府应该对社会经济地位较低家庭的儿童进行补偿性学前教育。     

Pathways to School Readiness: Executive Functioning Predicts Academic and Social–Emotional Aspects of School Readiness

The current study specified the extent to which hot and cool aspects of executive functioning predicted academic and social‐emotional indicators of school readiness. It was unique in focusing on positive aspects of social–emotional readiness, rather than problem behaviors. One hundred four 3–5‐year‐old children completed tasks measuring executive functioning, social–emotional readiness, academic readiness, and vocabulary. As expected, age predicted executive functioning components and social–emotional readiness. Moreover, working memory and inhibitory control directly predicted academic readiness, whereas delay of gratification predicted social–emotional readiness. Working memory and inhibitory control predicted delay of gratification, consistent with the notion that simpler executive functions may set the stage for more complex executive functions. Interestingly, social–emotional readiness predicted academic readiness. These findings confirm that hot and cool aspects of executive functioning are related to social–emotional and academic school readiness.     

儿童入学准备的访谈研究

本文通过对小学一年级教师的访谈研究，对我国儿童入学准备提出5个基本维度，即身体和运动发展、情绪与社会性发展、学习相关、言语发展、认知发展和一般知识基础。其中，小学教师普遍反映我国儿童在入学准备上最为不足的是自理能力和前学习技能。     

从伙伴协作迈向学校完善

让我简单介绍我们学校的背景,我校的名称是香港道教联合会石围角小学,地点是新界地区荃湾石围角村。建校的年份是一九八二年三月,今年已经是二十五岁了。为什么我们参与大学与学校的伙伴协作计划呢?这与香     

Reconsidering School Readiness: Conceptual and Applied Perspectives

This paper was prepared with the support of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, USPHS, DHHS for presentation at the conference entitled "School Readiness: Scientific Perspectives," January, 1992. This conference was jointly sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau in cooperation with the Office of the Surgeon General and the Department of Psychology of the Pennsylvania State University.     

学校性质与流动儿童性别气质

本文从微观过程观察城市中公办和民办学校里流动儿童对性别角色的学习,发现公办和民办小学两种场景下儿童习得性别角色观念和性别角色气质不同;当流动儿童从民办学校场景转换到公办学校时,流动儿童所习得的前一种气质出现了不适应,并被认为是"心理疾病"的学生.     

Developmental Disabilities and the Concept of School Readiness

This paper reviews the concept of school readiness as it applies to children with disabilities. It is argued that children with disabilities are of two primary types: normative and non-normative. The majority of children in special education are in the non-normative category, whose definition is based on failures in children's early encounters with the educational system. Classification of such children as "not-ready for school" is a function of bureaucratic definition, teacher variability, and the child's ethnicity and social class. The authors have taken the position that children in both disability categories should be considered appropriate for regular general education and that the readiness concept which appears to be most appropriate for children with labeled special needs is actually not appropriate for any child.     

Reconsidering School Readiness: Conceptual and Applied Perspectives

This paper was prepared with the support of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, USPHS, DHHS for presentation at the conference entitled "School Readiness: Scientific Perspectives," January, 1992. This conference was jointly sponsored by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau in cooperation with the Office of the Surgeon General and the Department of Psychology of the Pennsylvania State University.