Mission and challenges of higher education: an interview with G.Q. Max Lu,the president of the University of Surrey

The University of Surrey (referred to as Surrey hereafter) is one of the renowned universities in the UK that was established on 9 September 1966 with the grant of its Royal Charter and its roots go back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891. Surrey is the research hub of small satellites, mobile telecommunication and artificial intelligence in Europe. In 2016, Surrey was named as ‘University of the Year’ in the UK and, in February 2018, Surrey won the Queen''s Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education (Surrey''s fourth award)—the highest national award for the UK universities, in recognition of the outstanding contribution of Surrey to nutrition and health.The president and vice chancellor of Surrey, Professor Max Lu, took this position in 2016 and is also the first scholar of Chinese origin to be the leader of a British university. Before he joined Surrey, he was the provost and senior vice president at the University of Queensland in Australia. Professor Lu is not only a talented leader in education field, but also a distinguished scientist in materials chemistry and nanotechnology area. He has been honored with numerous awards, including the Orica Award, RK Murphy Medal, China International Science and Technology Award and Medal of the Order of Australia, etc. He has been also appointed to the Prime Minister''s Council for Science and Technology and the Board of UK Research and Innovation, etc. The rich experience and open-mindedness lead to his profound insights into higher education around the world. Lately elected as a fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) and foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor Lu shared his broad and deep perspectives on higher education with National Science Review during his travel in Beijing.     

The 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry Presented to Kyriacos C. Nicolaou

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awards the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to Professor Kyriacos C. Nicolaou for his extraordinary contributions to chemistry, biology, and medicine through the advancement of the art of synthesis as exemplified by the elegant total syntheses of some of nature's most complex biologically active molecules. Nicolaou is recognized as a world leader in the field of total synthesis for his work in chemical synthesis and chemical biology. His total syntheses are legendary, distinguished for their elegance and practicality. Among his most celebrated achievements are the total syntheses of calicheamicin γ₁^I, Taxol^®, brevetoxin B, vancomycin, and thiostrepton. The impact of his work transcends total synthesis, for it often leads to the discovery and invention of new synthetic strategies and technologies as well as biological tools and drug candidates, thereby facilitating discoveries in biology and medicine. Nicolaou's influence on science and society extends beyond his research discoveries. Through his didactic lectures and writings, he motivates and inspires students into the sciences and informs the public about the importance of science and education to society.     

The elusive concept of innovation for Schumpeter,Marschak and the early econometricians

The modern concept of innovation is a crucial part of the analysis of capitalism as an adaptive system, and it is due to Schumpeter. Consequently, Schumpeter's role as a “prophet of innovation” has been rightly emphasized. This paper contributes to that history presenting some of the difficulties Schumpeter suffered as a formal representation of innovation was proposed by his fellow econometricians, as proved by the case of one of such dialogs, that with Jacob Marschak, at the time the director of the Cowles Commission and vice-president and then president of the Econometric Society. It is shown how Schumpeter elaborated his concepts of endogenous innovation and of industrial mutation as contrasted to the mechanical view of his fellow econometricians. Finally, the paper emphasizes the changes of the concept of randomness through the debate.     

Pioneering and continuing contributions to the semiconductor industry. The Franklin Institute's 2002 Bower Award for business leadership presented to Gordon E. Moore

Gordon Moore was honored for his pioneering role and continuing contributions to the semiconductor industry, and for his generous commitment to community service. Moore's technical and entrepreneurial leadership as founder of Intel is characterized by the sorts of innovations that have led to enhanced microprocessor speed, miniaturization and reduced cost, which have transformed the modern world.     

Going Critical: Perspective and Proportion in the Epistemology of Rob Kling 1

One foundational element of Rob Kling's research and writing is his critical perspective on the nature, role, and dynamics of computerization. His main argument was that one should view as dubious any statements that are not grounded in empirical evidence or theoretical analysis. Rob's work was replete with critical refutation, in which he challenged assumptions or statements about computerization and provided alternative interpretations. Much of his work delivered indictments against hyperbolic statements that claimed either utopian or dystopian outcomes from computerization. However, some of his own writings on emerging technologies tended to be dismissive and marginalizing, revealing in his own work some of the weaknesses he pointed out in others' rhetoric and writing. This article identifies intellectual traps inherent in critical perspectives that can catch even the most acute practitioners. The objective is to help elucidate and stabilize the epistemological foundations for Rob's critical perspective on the role of computerization.     

东海浮标综合观测网络支撑海洋环境保护和防灾减灾预报

中国科学院东海海洋观测研究站（以下简称“东海站”）围绕我国东海海域重要流系和复杂海洋现象研究、台风预警预报、海洋权益维护及保障等需求，组建了科学合理的东海浮标观测网络。东海站的主要成果体现在：积累了10余年的连续实时观测数据，有效揭示了区域海洋环境长期演化过程；建立了台风实时观测数据库，有效改善了台风路径预报的准确性；验证了国际风速模式和流场模式在我国近海区域的适用性；阐释了东海海洋环境季节变化特点，提高了灾害性事件对我国海洋环境危害的预报能力；研发了我国首套超大型三锚式浮标综合观测平台，开拓了智能观测在海洋剖面观测领域的应用示范。东海站始终坚持综合性海洋科学基础研究和技术研发并举，立足我国近海环境演变与生物资源可持续利用的理论创新与关键技术的综合交叉与系统集成的前期基础，面向我国近海海洋生态文明建设、透明海洋计划等国家重大需求及物理海洋学、海洋生态学、海洋化学、海洋生物学等学科前沿问题，东海站开展了系统的长序列定点连续实时观测、试验研究和科普示范，取得了一系列重要成果，为我国近海海洋环境保护和防灾减灾预报提供了重要的数据和技术支撑。     

Painting and the rise of volcanology: Sir William Hamilton's Campi Phlegraei

The art lover and collector Sir William Hamilton became one of the keenest and most knowledgeable observers of volcanic activity in 18th-century Italy. Hamilton's enthusiasms are reflected in the illustrations of the Campi Phlegraei, produced under his direction. While some of Pietro Fabris's gouache paintings project the volcano as an unfathomable and sublime force, others depict it as an accessible and almost measurable phenomenon. The artwork in Campi Phlegraei marks the moment in the development of a visual style for geology, when the painterly has not yet disappeared, but has started to give way to the new ‘geognostic’ mode.     

碳中和背景下农户兼业能否促进农户低碳生产行为？

鉴于碳中和对我国农业农村发展提出了新要求,且农户兼业已成为普遍现象,为促进农户采纳低碳生产行为,利用对黑龙江省376份农户深度调研数据,实证分析碳中和背景下农户兼业对农户低碳生产行为的影响。结果表明农户兼业促使农户采纳低碳生产的概率提高了12.8%;进一步采用倾向得分匹配法解决样本选择偏误,结果发现这一概率值仍然高达14.0%～24.9%,而且在统计上非常显著和稳健,同时当农户家庭成员多、加入合作社、无政治身份、受政府宣传教育影响大、受政府监管影响大时,农户兼业促进农户进行低碳生产的作用更为明显。基于此,提出不仅要拓宽农户兼业渠道、提供农户更多兼业机会,还要发挥政府监管的约束作用,进而发挥农户兼业对农户低碳生产的促进作用,为我国早日实现农业农村碳中和提供路径参考。     

对杜威教育哲学中“经验”的探析及其教育启示

实用主义哲学有其深刻的历史来源,杜威在一个特定的时代将培根开创的经验论哲学与美国自己的文化、宗教相结合,形成了自己庞大完备的实用主义思想体系。在这一体系中,杜威对“经验”的新解释是其哲学思想中的关键环节,这一环节也成为杜威教育思想的坚实的根基,其经验的概念、经验的方法所体现的开放性、连续性、交互性对当今的教育仍然具有现实意义。     

Big data as governmentality in international development: Digital traces,algorithms, and altered visibilities

Statistics have long shaped the field of visibility for the governance of development projects. The introduction of big data has altered the field of visibility. Employing Dean's “analytics of government” framework, we analyze two cases—malaria tracking in Kenya and monitoring of food prices in Indonesia. Our analysis shows that big data introduces a bias toward particular types of visualizations. What problems are being made visible through big data depends to some degree on how the underlying data is visualized and who is captured in the visualizations. It is also influenced by technical factors such as distance between mobile phone towers and the truth claims that gain legitimacy.     

Rethinking Michael Polanyi's Realism: From Personal Knowledge to Intersubjectively Viable Communication

Abstract

Fifty years after the publication of Michael Polanyi's magnum opus, Personal Knowledge, the fashion for Knowledge Management (KM) has helped to institutionalise a redefinition of his distinction between tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. But KM's redefinition of Polanyi's argument misrepresents his insights into the process of personal tacit ‘knowing’ and overlooks the implications of his faith in metaphysical ‘being’. This paper explores the significance of Polanyi's original concept of tacit knowledge, together with the consequences of assuming a ‘vertical’ connection between personal knowledge and faith in an unknowable absolute truth. By using faith to protect personal knowledge from the charge of subjectivism, Polanyi precluded the possibility that different people, who interact in different contexts and believe in different things, could develop viable modes of knowing and learning. However, rethinking Polanyi's philosophy with regard to Ernst von Glasersfeld's radical constructivism, which is derived from intersubjectively viable ‘horizontal’ communication, allows the virtues of tacit knowledge to be separated from the complications of metaphysical realism.     

《终结的感觉》中的记忆运作

本文探讨了朱利安·巴恩斯小说《终结的感觉》中的记忆的运作主人。主人公托尼如何通过扭曲女友莫妮卡和好友艾德里恩的形象,构建与莫妮卡情感纠葛中的受害者,好友的自杀悲剧的旁观者的身份。朱利安·巴恩斯向读者警示个人记忆的不可靠性以及再记忆并勇于承担责任的重要性。     

“领域—时间”视角下刘则渊科学学思想与贡献

刘则渊先生作为科学学领域极具影响力的杰出学者,多年来,他坚持致力于科学学理论、方法和应用研究,积极参与国家重大科技项目,在其中发挥了重要作用。刘则渊先生对中国科学学的发展与创新做出了巨大贡献,对科学学理论也有着独到而深刻见解,在技术哲学、科技伦理、科学计量学、创新管理等多个领域上做出了开创性成就。为了缅怀和纪念刘则渊先生,本文重点评述了他在科学学领域的杰出成就,总结了他及其团队在科学学领域的学术成果,并对其学术贡献进行梳理和归纳。从时间维度对刘则渊先生四十年来发表的代表性学术论文进行评析。根据学术论文主题,基于刘则渊先生各时期的研究方向,刻画了其科学学学术思想的演化变迁。希望科学学界能更多发展科学学理论,丰富研究方法,拓展科学学应用领域,为科学学事业谱写新的篇章。     

Explaining the universe: Herbert Spencer's attempt to synthesize political and evolutionary ideas

Herbert Spencer's evolutionary ideas related not just to the biological world but to the universe and everything in it. Human societies were also viewed through his evolutionary lens so that Spencer's evolutionary and political ideas are inextricably entwined. This essay looks at some of Spencer's ideas and attempts to locate them in the social and intellectual context of his youth. It also speculates on the rise and fall of Spencer's reputation.     

Technology stocks: A study on the characteristics that help transfer public research to industry

Technology transfer from public research institutes and universities to industry is an effective way to promote social and economic development. However, although many studies have explored the various factors that affect technology transfers, few focus on the characteristics of an organization's technology stocks. In this study, we test which of technological diversity, uniqueness, combinative power, and proximity make a public research entity's knowledge stocks appealing. The study is set in the developing economy of China, using the research-subsidized Project 985 universities and the Chinese academy of sciences as the origins of public research. From an ERGM analysis, we find diversity and proximity have a significant positive effect; uniqueness has a significant negative effect; and combinative power has little to no effect at all. These insights have substantial theoretical implications for scholars in the technology transfer field and practical implications for public institutions engaged in research who are looking to improve their transfer rates.     

网络能力、组织隐性知识获取与突破性创新绩效

运用网络能力高效获取外部社会网络中的组织隐性知识,对提升KIBS中小企业突破性创新绩效有重要意义。通过理论分析及对浙江省内213家KIBS中小企业的问卷调查和实证检验,研究发现:网络规划、配置、运作和占位能力对组织文化型和根植型隐性知识获取均有显著正向影响;两类组织隐性知识获取对突破性创新绩效均有显著正向影响;组织隐性知识获取对网络运作、配置能力与突破性创新绩效关系起部分中介作用,对网络规划、占位能力与突破性创新绩效关系起完全中介作用。     

The effects of the English libel laws on medicine and research – a personal view

Dr Peter Wilmshurst is a consultant cardiologist. He is a leader in his field, and also a whistleblower, drawing attention to that which he believes to be wrong. He was presented with the HealthWatch Award 2003. Peter Wilmshurst has clashed with universities, editors, the medical establishment, and – perhaps inevitably – with the pharmaceutical industry. It is this last encounter that has taken him to court and that has made explicit and very public the relevance of the UK's libel laws to scientific research.     

科学基金助力女性科研人员成长：政策、成效与展望

女性科研人员是科学技术研究队伍中的一支关键力量。2010年起,国家自然科学基金委员会推出了支持女性科研人员的一系列举措,得到了科技界的广泛好评。政策实施10年来,国家自然科学基金逐渐成为女性科研人员成长的摇篮,在提高女性在科研中的参与度、增加哺乳期女性申请和获资助机会、助推高层次女性科研人员成长发展、提高科技领域性别平等意识等方面取得了显著的成效。为进一步促进科研领域中的性别平等,结合影响我国女性科技人才成长的主要障碍和政策不足,文章提出新时代要强化政策协同,完善高层次女性科研人员脱颖而出机制、更好地发挥女性在科技活动中的咨询决策作用等具体政策建议。     

Nonaka meets Giddens: A critique

Nonaka's recent incorporation of Giddens into the knowledge movement is superficial and problematic. The incorporation accepts uncritically Giddens's controversial conceptions of structure and agency, avoids his concerns of power and domination, exaggerates his elaboration on contradictions, and shares with him the search for an omelette-like theoretical totalising. Using Giddens as an illustrative vehicle, this paper analyses the pattern of Nonaka’s recent borrowing of others’ work and the consequent tensions built up in his simplistic model of the knowledge creating company.     

Introduction to the special section celebrating the centenary of Chris Freeman's birth

The eight invited papers comprising this special section reflect the breadth of Chris Freeman's contributions to understanding the world and his advocacy of using that understanding to making the world a better place. The authors reflect on Freeman's contributions and advocacy with a view to presenting what concepts, frameworks and insights can be carried forward from the centenary of his birth.