美国比较教育研究的新发展:主题、方法与地域分析

以《比较教育评论》在1998—2007年间所发表的学术论文为研究对象,分析这些论文的研究主题和研究方法以及在研究地域上的差异,发现:在研究主题上,《比较教育评论》重视宏观教育制度研究,关注各国教育改革与发展;紧跟时代发展,研究当前热点问题;微观教育实践领域的研究日益升温;比较教育学科建设探讨起伏不定。在研究方法上,文献研究仍然是《比较教育评论》最重要的研究手段,不同研究方法的的综合运用成为当前《比较教育评论》的一大特色,定性与定量研究呈均衡态势,两者的结合更能体现未来的发展趋势。在研究地域上,单一国别研究是《比较教育评论》的主体,对发展中国家的教育尤其关注,大规模的跨国比较研究引人注目,全球趋势和区域研究渐渐增多。我国比较教育研究应明确比较教育的研究主题,提升比较教育研究方法的科学水平,拓展比较教育的研究地域,创建立体化的研究对象,加强比较教育学术群体的自身建设,深化学科基础理论研究。     

Confucian thinking in Singapore’s citizenship education

ABSTRACT

Teachers in Asia are often perceived to occupy passive roles as citizens, subject to collectivist goals which take precedence over the interests of the individual. This assessment typically stems from a liberal-democratic perspective, which prioritises the individual as autonomous and self-responsible. While many endeavours have been undertaken by scholars outside education research to debunk the simplistic understanding of Asian thinking as passive, there remains a lack of attention to the distinctive features of Asian cultures and thought within the field of citizenship education. This article aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of citizenship education in Singapore, and challenge the perceived passivity of teachers in Asia by exploring—particularly from a Confucian perspective—how a group of social studies teachers made sense of citizenship. We identify three emergent themes from the interview samples: Relationality, Harmony and Criticality and discuss them accordingly.     

比较教育的“理解”功能再思考

比较教育作为一个跨地域、跨民族、跨文化的研究领域,"理解"功能理应成为比较教育研究功能体系的一个重要组成部分。在比较教育的各个发展阶段中,"理解"有着不同的功用表现;比较教育所要努力达成或实现的"理解"在不同参照系统中又有其不同的表现方式。"理解"作为比较教育的一项重要功能,在比较教育的国际性使命中必然会体现出独有的价值与意义。     

大数据与中国比较教育学科发展的新相对优势

建国后,特别是改革开放以来,中国比较教育学科的快速发展得益于三大传统优势:政策优势、语言优势、数据/资料优势.然而,这些传统优势目前都面临着国际化和信息化带来的巨大挑战,特别是大数据和可视化技术的快速发展,给世界比较教育学科的发展带来了许多新的可能和问题.在这样的背景下,中国比较教育学者必须重新反思和定位本学科的相对优势.研究者认为,中国比较教育学科发展的政策优势依然存在,且国际教育和发展教育是未来该学科在中国发展的基本方向.虽然大数据打破了传统的数据/资料优势,但中国比较教育学者对全球教育数据的洞察力及解读力将成为该学科发展的新优势.     

A critical dialogue with ‘Asia as method’: A response from Korean education

Abstract

This article discusses the implications of the idea of Asia as method, a discursive strategy in Asian studies popularised by Kuan-Hsing Chen, in the context of Korean education. Chen has pointed to the one-way flow of knowledge into Asia from the West and has urged using ‘Asia as method’ in the production of post-colonial and anti-imperialist knowledge. The research interests of this article are twofold. First, I analyse ‘Asia as method’ as a strategy to de-universalise the West, particularly given the historical complexity in East Asia. I trace the historical context of the word ‘Asia’, beginning with the traditional Sino-centric period and continuing to the Japanese colonial occupation. Second, I explore the possibility of using ‘Asia as method’ in the sense that Chen proposes, particularly in the context of Korean education. This article examines the ‘East Asian style of education’ as a platform for discussion of the potential for constructing ‘Asia as method’ in educational studies. In conclusion, I argue that for Asia as method to be viable as a strategy for change, Asia itself must be conceived as an ongoing construction based on the inter-referencing of multiple histories and cultural imaginaries.     

Racism and Asian American Student Leadership

This article provides a theoretical analysis and ethnographic account of Asian American student leadership in higher education. Existing literature highlights Asian and Asian American leadership styles as cultural differences. I shift the analysis from culture to racism in order to work toward a more socially just conception of Asian American student leadership, grounded in the social and historical realities of racism in the U.S. I bring the issue of racism to the forefront by framing this project in racial formation theory and Orientalism and by looking at Asian American student leadership in the context of anti-racism activism. Participants challenged the notion of “Asian American leadership” in two ways: First, students described how they struggled with the Asian American racial category in their day-to-day lives as student leaders, and second, they discussed the negative consequences of being racialized as Asian American leaders.     

Bridging East and West educational divides in Singapore

In Asia, we are witnessing an era where the pendulum of power is swaying towards the East with the rising economic strength of China and India. Singapore is at the ‘crossroads’ between the East and West of these most populous nations on earth. Although Singapore may appear the most Westernised country in Asia, she is nevertheless a multicultural Asian society. Having the most open economy in the world, Singapore is affected by the process of globalisation. This takes on an added dimension and speed as nations compete for talent and find ways to internationalise and transform their education for sustainable competitive advantage. Singapore's education system, regarded as one of the best performing in the world, offers a unique opportunity to explore the issues where East and West culture, values and systems meet. This article discusses and highlights what happens when East and West converge. In particular, the discussion will focus on the themes of East and West schism, globalisation and Singapore's aspirations to be a global hub, rankings and branding in education, and the use of the English language.     

Towards leadingful leadership literacies for higher education management

This paper locates ‘leadingful leadership literacies’ as a lens for considering changing contexts for leadership and work in higher education management. It makes a contribution to higher education leadership studies by offering an empirical account of expanded notions of leadership. These extend the field beyond those unwilling to critique managerialist knowledge claims. I will argue that not only managerialist practices per se are of concern as we face discontinuous change in the sector – changes which move well beyond rationalist truth claims – but that these remain largely unchallenged and have moved into spaces that should be (re)claimed by leadership.     

Critical perspectives in educational leadership: a new ‘theory turn’?

In this article, I argue that we are witnessing a new phase or ‘theory turn’ in the field of educational leadership. These more critical perspectives in the field of educational leadership have typically been marginalised by the larger body of orthodox approaches due to a perceived lack of focus on best practice and ‘what works’ discourses, and especially in recent years with the rise of the school effectiveness and improvement movement. However, critical perspectives in educational leadership constitute an essential and vibrant part of educational leadership scholarship and discourse. Drawing on Michel Foucault's notion of discourse, through this article, I examine how critical perspectives have been constituted historically, with some of the main themes of research. This foregrounding also highlights a number of limitations with more orthodox and hegemonic leadership discourses. I identify a number of key writers in the field and situate them in the current theory turn, that is, an emphasis of theoretically informed research that have been prolific over the last 5–10 years.     

试论比较教育研究中的实地调查

实地调查是比较教育研究中不可或缺的方法,通过实地调查可以深入了解所研究区域的教育文化及其功能,通过实地调查能够收集到全面的、真实可靠的一手教育资料,通过实地调查能够形成区域教育知识,实地调查具有建构比较教育学理论的基础作用。关于在比较教育学领域中如何开展实地调查,日本著名比较教育学者大塚丰教授在日本比较教育学会会刊《比较教育学研究》2005年第31号上发表的《作为方法的实地调查——研究比较教育学方法论的一个视点》一文能够给我们提供许多具体的指导。     

Deploying the post-colonial predicaments of researching on/with ‘Asia’ in education: a standpoint from a rich peripheral country

Against the current infatuation with Asia in Australian education, this article rearticulates the notion of ‘Asia literacy’ to explore new ways of researching on/with/through Asia. Drawing on the post-colonial critique of Western social science knowledge, I first demonstrate the problematic nature of Australian knowledge production on and with Asia in social science and education. And yet, I also highlight the contribution that Australian scholars have made to decolonizing knowledge work, with particular attention to their critique of internationalization of cultural studies in the 1990s. In so doing, I identify the particular epistemic standpoint of Australian scholarship, which has emerged out of its ambivalent location in the global politics of academic knowledge production. Then, I identify three types of engagement by Asian researchers with Western knowledge. Situating Australian education scholarship among them, I explore what ‘Asia literate’ education research might look like from the vantage point of Australia.     

Professor Barry Fraser��s contributions to science education research

In this article, I endeavour to convey the depth of Barry Fraser’s contributions to science education research, including his tireless endeavours to promote and advance research, especially the field of learning environments, the realisation of his vision to create one of the largest doctoral programs in science and mathematics education in the world, his leadership capacity in terms of guiding and leading an internationally renowned centre and large-scale cross-national and cross-cultural studies, his dedication towards human capacity building in Africa, Asia and elsewhere, his capacity as a mentor and editor that have seen the publication of numerous journal articles and books and the ongoing success of science education research journals.     

Knowledge production in a constructed field: reflections on comparative and international education

Adopting Maria Manzon’s theoretical framework, which draws on Foucault and proposes that comparative education as an academic field is socially constructed, I suggest that the field is neither stable nor well defined. To demonstrate this, I conduct a content analysis of the Comparative Education Review, using Klaus Krippendorff’s methodological framework to study comparative and international education (CIE) researchers’ understanding of the national—and of their related knowledge production in the field. Many comparativists express interests in multiple countries, and their knowledge production takes the form of individual country studies. The countries are habitually studied using a “problem approach” focusing on one specific aspect of the country under investigation and using an associated social science methodology deemed appropriate. Few comparativists are making explicit use of or reference to any methodology that is unique to comparative education. Efforts to catalog and systematize CIE research have demonstrated that the field is becoming so inclusive that it hardly is distinguishable from educational studies as a whole. Hence, I suggest that instead of speaking about unifying features of the field, it may be more relevant to speak about frequent elements, such as a focus on the national, and a knowledge production characterized by the academic practitioner who desires to improve the education systems studied. A third frequent element may be the focus on educational development, thus justifying the label of “comparative, international, and development education.” One challenge of the field is its dependence on Western social science discourses, which may be marginalizing other voices.     

Singapore international education hub and its dilemmas: the challenges and makings for cosmopolitan learning

ABSTRACT

Higher education in Asia is massifying at an exceptional pace and scale. In this paper, I ask how practices and discourses which inform the internationalization of Singapore’s higher education can provide opportunities for developing cosmopolitan learning that it claims to provide. Cosmopolitan learning is closely related to cross-border student mobility and plays an important role in shaping the international students’ identities, aspirations and worldviews. Based on a recent study in Singapore of a group of international students from various parts of Asia and Europe, this paper attempts to bring the theoretical and grounded realities of cosmopolitan learning in an Asian context into the fore. The aim of the paper is to provide a useful frame for rethinking the purpose of international education for cosmopolitan learning in an increasingly interconnected world that is strewn with ambivalence, and what that means in the context of Singapore as an erudite nation-state critical to building Asian education hub aspirations.     

比较教育学的现实境遇与发展前景

比较教育学是因为研究他国教育经验,推动本国教育发展而出现在教育学科这个庞大的学科族群之中的,它以国际教育发展为核心的知识领域形成其独特的学科地位。但20世纪60年代以后,随着比较教育研究朝着学校教育微观层面的不断拓展,比较教育学的知识领域与教育学其他学科的研究领域相交叉,比较教育学的学科身份和存在理由受到质疑,比较教育学面临新的挑战。从当前来看,比较教育学要获得真正长久的可持续发展,就必须进一步明确特定的知识领域,进一步构筑学术共同体,进一步开展方法论研究。     

Teacher Education and the University: A comparative analysis with implications for Hong Kong

The university of education might be seen as a new type of university, which has emerged in recent decades in Asia, and which may be able to contribute both to teacher education and the needs of the knowledge society in new ways. This article begins with a historical overview of the development of universities and normal colleges in Western and Asian societies. It explores the value orientations of these two types of institution, and their links to the different historical periods in which they emerged. These contrasting value orientations are schematized in the second part of the paper, which addresses its core question: how can teacher education attain a level of excellence parallel to that of universities, while maintaining those values of the normal college that are relevant to the knowledge society? A comparative historical analysis of three Western and three Asian societies in the third part of the paper gives an overview of different ways in which this dilemma has been resolved. The fourth part then draws out four distinctive models of teacher education that have emerged historically, and evaluates them comparatively. The paper concludes with comparative reflections on teacher education in Singapore and Hong Kong, suggesting the model of a university of education as uniquely suited to the Hong Kong situation, and possibly only culturally viable in an Asian environment.     

跨界对话:比较教育的未来走向——基于第14届世界比较教育大会主题的分析

每一次世界比较教育大会的会议主题都集中反映了比较教育领域所关注的问题以及未来的发展方向。本文通过对今年6月召开的第14届世界比较教育大会会议主题的分析,揭示出比较教育未来的理论建设方向将从无边界到为学科划定边界进而超越学科边界,而比较教育的永恒价值在于跨越教育和社会中的各种边界,通过对话达成理解。     

Higher education from massification to universal access: a perspective from Japan

Though Japan has established one the largest higher education systems in Asia much earlier than most of the other Asian countries and some European countries, including the UK, Germany and France, except for a very few Japanese books and articles, little research has been published in Japan on this topic. This article will address the research question: how did Japan’s higher education shift from massification, through to post-massification and, now, to near universal access? By examining the changes in the enrollment in Japan’s higher education based on quantitative analysis, the article will provide an example of how an Asian country had experienced different stages of the growth in enrollments in higher education. Moreover, it is also argued that the major findings from Japan’s case study are not necessarily consistent with the definition of the three-stage linear changes in higher education enrollment by Martin Trow.     

Labels and Labelling in the Field of Educational Leadership

This paper reports on theorising based on developing histories of the field of educational leadership in higher education in the UK. These histories are being constructed through the collection of professional biographies of field members, reading the outputs of the field in the form of journals and books, and analysing the papers from the British Educational Leadership, Management and Administration Society. In this paper I focus on how the field has changed its label over the last forty years from “educational administration” to “educational management”, and more recently “educational leadership”, and the link between labels and knowledge claims. In particular I argue that while there is a continuity of knowledge underpinning this relabelling process there is also a mutation in the form of management in education that has become performance leadership in schools. The latter is official government policy and practitioners are being located in an all‐embracing training framework. The paper argues that knowing about knowledge claims and field labels is an important means by which we can control our practice and identities. Through Bourdieu's theory of practice I describe and explain the development of the field and the struggle to be located and to stay located within higher education. By putting Bourdieu to work in this way I also seek to analyse how habitus and field can contribute to the development of explanatory frameworks regarding the power structures underpinning knowledge production.     

比较数学教育学研究方法的探讨

比较数学教育学是数学教育学的组成部分,是数学教育理论研究的重要领域.进行比较数学教育研究的意义在于借鉴先进的教育思想和方法,推动自身数学教育的改革与发展.比较数学教育学首要的研究方法是比较研究法,其辅助方法通常有理论分析法和实验法.