论学术自由

学术自由在西方高等教育研究领域是个“显课题” ,这与西方国家的政治、文化背景密切相关。许多西方学者站在不同的学科立场加入到这一问题的争论之中 ,使学术自由的研究呈开放态势。本文作者E·希尔斯是美国著名社会学家、功能主义学派的领袖人物之一。希尔斯本人的政治立场是保守主义的 ,从本文可窥见一斑。而他却善于从更为广阔的社会背景出发 ,对学术自由探幽发微 ,巨细不遗 ,着重阐述了学术自由与外部权威之间的矛盾关系 ,并着重论及学者的政治自由问题 ,为学术自由的研究开辟了新的视野。     

知识论传统与学术自由的合法性

本文主要讨论了学术自由合法性的知识论基础 ,认为学术自由的合法性只能从知识本身得到说明 ,并进一步比较了中西方知识论的主要差异 ,试图从学术传统的角度考察中国学术自由价值观之不立以及合法性缺失的原因所在。     

INDIVIDUAL ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND APROFESSIONAL ACTS

In this essay, Liviu Andreescu examines the question of whether a certain category of aprofessional acts by academics (in particular, political speech) deserves protection against academic sanctions under the principle of academic freedom. Andreescu discusses two alternative views of academic freedom (the extensive and the restrictive) providing different answers to the question. He then examines some of the arguments advanced by the proponents of the more recent, restrictive theory of academic freedom against the broader, traditional theory, which in recent times has been on the defensive. Andreescu ultimately suggests that the choice between the two definitions of academic freedom is a question of sound policy in specific institutional contexts, rather than a matter of conceptual consistency.     

ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND THE DIMINISHED SUBJECT

ABSTRACT:  Discussions about freedom of speech and academic freedom today are about the limits to those freedoms. However, these discussions take place mostly in the higher education trade press and do not receive any serious attention from academics and educationalists. In this paper several key arguments for limiting academic freedom are identified, examined and placed in an historical context. That contextualisation shows that with the disappearance of social and political struggles to extend freedom in society there has come a narrowing of academic life and a new and impoverished concept of 'academic freedom' for a diminished idea of the human subject, of humanity and of human potential .     

THE GENEALOGY OF JUDGEMENT: TOWARDS A DEEP HISTORY OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM

ABSTRACT:  The classical conception of academic freedom associated with Wilhelm von Humboldt and the rise of the modern university has a quite specific cultural foundation that centres on the controversial mental faculty of 'judgement'. This article traces the roots of 'judgement' back to the Protestant Reformation, through its heyday as the signature feature of German idealism, and to its gradual loss of salience as both a philosophical and a psychological concept. This trajectory has been accompanied by a general shrinking in the scope of academic freedom from the promulgation of world-views to the offering of expert opinion .     

UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY AND ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN ITALY

The gap between social reality and the Italian higher education system, which is little geared to respond to massive social demand, has had a negative impact on the quality of education. The research institutions are in a similarly difficult situation. Thus it is mandatory that the role and functions of the individual universities and research centres be redefined and properly coordinated. During the tenth Italian legislature, various measures were implemented to initiate the reform of the university and the research system. The role of the state, previously assigned to the Ministry of Public Education and to the Ministry of Coordination of Scientific and Technological Research Projects, has been redefined and reduced, and the principles of university and research autonomy were defined in bills debated in the Parliament, to be followed by a law developing and refining the regulation of this area. The autonomy of the university and of research institutions is never permanent; it must be re‐established from time to time. This need is never more obvious than in the frequent disputes over academic freedom and university autonomy.     

ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN EUROPE: REVIEWING UNESCO'S RECOMMENDATION

ABSTRACT:  This paper examines the compliance of universities in the European Union with the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher–Education Teaching Personnel, which deals primarily with protection for academic freedom. The paper briefly surveys the European genesis of the modern research university and academic freedom, before evaluating compliance with the UNESCO recommendation on institutional autonomy, academic freedom, university governance and tenure. Following from this, the paper examines the reasons for the generally low level of compliance with the UNESCO Recommendation within the EU states, and considers how such compliance could be improved .     

ACADEMIC FREEDOM: ITS NATURE, EXTENT AND VALUE

ABSTRACT:  Academic freedom does not refer to freedom to engage in any speech act, but to freedom to hold any belief and espouse it in an appropriately academic manner. This freedom belongs to certain institutions, rather than to individuals, because of their academic nature. Academic freedom should be absolute, regardless of any offence it may on occasion cause .     

美国大学教师终身教职与学术自由的关系

美国大学教授协会所确立的学术自由与终身教职之间的内在联系 ,使得终身教职成为保证美国大学教师学术自由的制度性工具。关于终身教职与学术自由之间关系的理论探讨 ,均须充分考虑到终身教职的学术自由价值。     

A PLACE FROM WHERE TO SPEAK: THE UNIVERSITY AND ACADEMIC FREEDOM

ABSTRACT:  the university is promoted as 'a place from where to speak'. Academic freedom is examined as a crucial value in an increasingly uncertain age which resonates with Barnett's concern to encourage students to overcome their 'fear of freedom'. My concern is that the putative university space of freedom and autonomy may well become constricted by those who would limit not just our freedom to speak but also our freedoms to be and to do. Without academic freedom students and teachers, who might be able to fly, will not be permitted to fly. I review issues of academic freedom and free speech raised especially by Berlin, Voltaire, von Humboldt, Mill, Milton and Rorty. I discuss problems raised when free speech is heard by others as harmful and offensive to their beliefs and values. I offer a set of suggestions to ensure that the university may envision itself as a space of freedom, pluralism and tolerance. Finally, I reflect that the university, of all democratic institutions, should be the one which best serves its society as 'a place from where to speak' .     

学术自由的内外限度及其历史演变——从《系科之争》到《韦伯论大学》

在对德国古典大学观的研究中,人们大多注意的是洪堡的思想。为了深入理解德国模式中的学术自由观,本文分别分析了洪堡之前的康德所著的《系科之争》和洪堡之后的韦伯所著的《韦伯论大学》,并将两人的学术自由思想作了简要的对比。从中我们既可以看到他们对学术自由的内在限度和外在限度的某些共同理解,也可以看到韦伯在讨论学术自由的基础时以理性化概念取代了康德的理性概念之后所赋予学术自由的新的内涵。     

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

ABSTRACT: Why is freedom of speech so seldom raised as an issue in philosophy of education? In assessing this question, it is important to distinguish (i) between a freedom and its exercise, and (ii) between different philosophies of education. Western philosophies of education may be broadly divided into classes derived from theories of knowledge first articulated in ancient Greece. Freedom of speech is in principle inimical to some of these, while being essential to the objectives of others .