明代史官探析

史官是中国史学史研究的重要内容之一。有明一代的史官制度沿汉、唐之旧,并在元代的基础上有所损益。明代无专门的修史机构,而是以翰林院兼修史之职。翰林院下设史官负责具体的修史工作。明代重视史官的建置,早在开国前已有了史官的设置,为选拔史官还建立了相关的选举制度,其中以科举最盛。明代史官职责广泛,除了负责修史之外,往往还协助处理其他政务,无论在史学上还是在政治上都发挥着重要的作用。     

试论元代官方史学对蒙古体制的继承

元代官方史学为兼收中原王朝和蒙古草原双重传统的修史体制。蒙古体制下元代官方史学的产生主要以其史学意识的萌发和《脱卜赤颜》的纂修为标志,必阁赤和蒙古翰林院继承了蒙古史学传统,实则也承担着史官与史馆的职责。     

中国古代史官制度的建立及其缺憾

中国古代的史官制度 ,源起于殷周 ,形成于春秋战国。中国古代史官制度的建立对中国史学的发展作出了重大贡献 ,但另一方面史官制度又存在诸多缺憾 ,其一 ,垄断修史 ,史学损失巨大 ;其二 ,埋没人才 ,史官著书不力 ;其三 ,曲笔诬书 ,作史常常不实。     

从史馆制度看唐朝政府对史学的控制与促进

中国古代史馆修史制度从私人修史向政府修史的转折点在唐朝,统治者充分认识和评价史学在国家治理、政权巩固和社会伦理道德体系建立中的作用,通过强化监修国史制度和史书编纂中的专制统治意识、健全史馆修史制度、完善史官设置、以政令形式确定史馆史料来源等制度改革进一步加强对史学的控制,史馆设置正规化、规范化,有固定的职守、隶属和专门的官员。史馆修史按照统治者的意志发展,成为封建政权得力的统治工具。     

春秋战国秦汉时期“史”的发展演变

殷周时代 ,一切学术都由统治者直接控制 ,史官之职也是世袭的 ,有着很高的地位和特质 ,所作之史书在一般人心目中也有很高的威信。春秋中期以后 ,史官的修史逐渐受到强暴势力的威胁 ,但仍有史官冒着生命危险修史的例子 ,涌现了一批像董狐、南史氏这样的“良史”。而与此同时也出现了史官屈从于强暴势力的事例。这些事例说明春秋中期以后 ,史官的地位已经发生了微妙的变化 ,趋于低落 ,同时史官本身也出现了许多缺陷和弱点。到战国中期 ,史官的地位已低落到世人羞而为之的地步。而伴随史官地位低落的 ,则是史官修史之风的败坏 ,强暴势力的因素越来越影响史官的修史。到西汉时 ,史官的地位已经低落到和倡优差不多的地步。     

曹魏史官制度简论

史官制度是中国史学的重要组成部分,而曹魏时期是中国古代史官制度发展的重要阶段。此间,史官制度发生了重大的转变,曹魏统治者设立了专职修史官员——著作郎,正式确立了著作官制度,使得史官与天官正式分离,表明官方对史学控制的空前加强。不仅如此,著作官制度形成之后,表现出前所未有的活力,并直接影响到西晋直至唐代史官制度的变化。     

浅析史馆修史的利弊

设馆修史是中国古代史学的一个传统,史官的出现可追溯到黄帝时期。自唐确立史馆制度以来,史馆就成了史学界研究的一个重要问题。史馆的出现对史学的发展和封建政权的巩固起到了一定的积极作用,但是其流弊不可忽视。设馆修史开始了统治者参与修史工程的先例,严重损害了历史的真实性,使史馆成为封建政权下的一个附属机构。     

从史馆制度看唐朝政府对史学的控制与促进

中国古代史馆修史制度从私人修史向政府修史的转折点在唐朝，统治者充分认识和评价史学在国家治理、政权巩固和社会伦理道德体系建立中的作用，通过强化监修国史制度和史书编纂中的专制统治意识、健全史馆修史制度、完善史官设置、以政令形式确定史馆史料来源等制度改革进一步加强对史学的控制，史馆设置正规化、规范化，有固定的职守、隶属和专门的官员。史馆修史按照统治者的意志发展，成为封建政权得力的统治工具。     

略论唐代史官制度

唐史官制度承前启后，影响巨大。在此期间，史官正式定名，且有了明确的职责，优厚的待遇，集体协作的修史形式。这些都标志着中国史学史上史官制度化新局面的开创。     

从南朝史官选任制度看政府对史学控制的加强

南朝时期,由于受到门阀制度的深刻影响,著作郎和著作佐郎的职位大多为门阀子弟所占据,但他们并不修史.这就导致新史官的产生,而新史官的产生则又反映出南朝政府对史学控制的加强.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.