精英教育大众化与高等教育体制变革的理论分析

中国的高等教育正在由精英教育阶段向大众教育阶段过渡。然而,精英教育的大众化并不仅仅意味着一个扩张时代的到来,它也会带来教育体制多方面的深刻变革。高等教育在变革过程中出现多种观念上的矛盾和制度上的冲突在所难免,因此精英教育大众化的过程,更是一个高等教育体制经历众多变革、冲突和协调的过程。政府、社会、高校三者利益关系的调整影响着整个的变革过程。高等教育理念的改变,教育公平问题的处置,人们对于精英教育大众化思想误区的澄清,高等教育发展潜在危机性的解决,是精英教育大众化过程中不能回避的问题。因此,因地制宜、循序渐进的高等教育变革思路的制定,现代教学管理模式的建立,高等教育体制的创新,势在必行。     

全球化对中国教育改革的冲击

全球化对教育的影响是深远及多方面的。本文旨在探讨全球化如何影响着中国教育改革的发展。首先,作者阐释什么是全球化及全球化如何影响着教育改革的理念。本文亦探讨中国在应对全球化挑战时如何重建高等教育及基础教育。全球化对教育来说究竟是不是一件“好事”？该议题目前为止还没有定论。只要全球化对教育的影响仍在,关于这一议题的争论就不会停止,还有待更多的教育研究来引证。 关键词：全球化;教育改革;高等教育;基础教育     

美国高等教育认证制度的发展动向透析

美国高等教育质量的保证主要通过独具特色的认证制度实现。20世纪90年代以来，随着社会的发展和科技应用的日益推广，高等教育外部和内部环境的变化，美国高等教育认证制度积极、及时地调整了政策和实践，完善了质量保证机制。了解近年来美国高等教育认证制度的改革背景及改革新进展，有助于加深对我国高等教育质量保证机制的认识和改进。     

China’s higher education reform 1998–2003: A summary

Profoundly important and unprecedented changes have taken place in China’s higher education since 1998, when Zhu Rongji Administration (1998–2003) decided to carry out a new round of educational reform. These changes include some breakthroughs in macro administrative system reform, growth in the total amount of educational expenditure, the enlargement of the recruitment scale of higher education, and positive changes in personnel, reward distribution and rear service reforms. The purpose of this paper is to offer a summary of these reforms. It discusses (1) the internal reasons for the reforms, (2) the main events and measures, (3) the main contents and achievements, (4) and the main problems of these reforms.     

A Gender Agenda: women and family in the new ERA?

This paper explores the relationship between the Conservative ‘educational reforms’ in the 1980s, which purported to give parents more democratic rights as consumers and participants in education, and changes in family life in Britain. It focuses on those demographic, familial changes, in particular in gender relationships, towards mothers having more public and private responsibilities for children and their education. It looks at whether these changes in family life have, in fact, been taken account of in ‘educational reforms’. It asks the question about whether ‘education reforms’ which give more democratic rights to parents in general allow for more democratic rights for women as mothers, in the contexts of lone motherhood, maternal participation in paid employment and adult/higher education. On the other hand, are the implications of such education changes to increase the private responsibilities, rather than democratic rights, of motherhood? Although family is on the education policy agenda, it is not clear that gender is on the agenda.     

The Dynamics and Macro Strategy of Structural Reform in Higher Education in China: Case Study of Two Critical Periods (1949–1960 and 1998–2009)

The development of the higher education system in China has experienced huge changes alongside the transitions in the socio-economic milieu since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Among the major structural transformations of higher education, the reform during the 1950s and the one from 1998 to 2009 can be seen as two typical cases and manifestations of macro strategy modulation. Both reforms were driven by the need of strengthening and empowering the nation as a whole through the advancement of higher education. But the 1950s reforms featured the perpetuation of state control, highly centralized resource allocation, and authoritarian administration, while the 1998–2009 period reflected the transition from a planned to a market economy in higher education, manifested in an increased weight given to market forces, the enlarged autonomy of higher education institutions (HEIs) and expanded government guidance instead of mere state control. The paper will take the two periods as cases to show why and how the reforms were formulated and what directions they are leading towards.     

Reflecting globalization effects on local policy: higher education reform in Taiwan

Recent comparative education policy studies show that even though there seems to be similar patterns and trends in higher education reforms in East Asian societies, the recently initiated higher education reforms have had very diverse agendas. Thus, the considerable convergence of policy rhetoric and general policy objectives may not satisfactorily explain the complicated processes of changes and the dynamic interactions between global, regional and local forces that shape education policy-making in individual countries. This article discusses globalization effects on national policy, with particular reference to how the higher education sector in Taiwan has transformed itself under the global tide of marketization and decentralization. There are a lot of changes similar to both higher education in Taiwan and that of elsewhere, which suggests that Taiwan's higher education has been affected by the trends of globalization. But before we jump to this conclusion, maybe we should also bear in mind an alternative hypothesis that local factors are crucial and determining factors for change. The core of the article is to examine the ways and strategies the Taiwan Government has adopted to reform its higher education systems in response to the changing local socio-economic political context and regional-global environments, with a particular focus on provision, regulation and financing.     

21世纪美国高等教育政策改革述评——基于Spellings委员会报告的分析

美国Spellings委员会报告是21世纪美国高等教育改革的重要议案,既为高等教育法案的修订提供了立法基础,也为今后联邦政府高等教育政策改革提供了蓝图。该报告确定了"高等教育机会、可支付性、质量与创新、问责"是高等教育政策改革的四个主题。美国21世纪高等教育政策改革是由联邦政府发挥主导作用,由社会多方代表进行民主商议,然后由政府主要采取立法与拨款形式进行的。它充分尊重各州和高等院校的自主权,对我国高等教育政策改革可以提供有意义的经验借鉴。     

Enlightenment and minority cultures: Central and East European higher education reform ten years later

The article discusses general trends of the higher education reform in the Central and East Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union over the last decade. Author notices that reflections on the reforms have not reached deeper levels than first diagnostic articles of the early 1990s have. It is explained as a result of the literal lack of the reforms as planned and purposeful changes. While many agencies are interested in continuation of the reform discourse, the actual activities are not coordinated. Discussing the issues of changing relationships between higher education and the State, financing, staffing, quality assurance, content of studies and institutional mission, author finds similarities between current political statements and those made earlier this century under different circumstances. Author concludes that the gap between the official reform discourse and realities of higher education threaten the very existence of public higher education in the region.     

建构中国大学的现代学术理念

中国高等教育改革是中国大学“革命性”变革。随着变革和传统大学量变的终止,现代大学新质要求学术理念构建完整的马克思主义哲学理论思维系统和调整、确认学术性质、功能,进而带动高等教育走进一个全新的发展过程。     

德国大学招生的入学条件、程序与特点

德国的大学招生采取证书制度模式,其招生条件、招生程序等具有明显的特点。随着欧洲一体化进程的推进,德国高等教育也进行了相应的改革,这种改革对学生申请进入大学学习的情况也产生了一定的影响。德国的高等院校的招生制度对我们高等教育招生制度的改革具有一定的启示作用。     

俄罗斯高等教育经费来源渠道多元化分析

自社会体制全面改革以来,俄罗斯经济领域的市场化,打破了苏联时期高等教育经费由国家包办的财政支持模式,俄罗斯高等教育的经费筹集便有了新的模式,形成了由国家财政拨款、学费、贷款、高校创收、企业资助等多渠道来源,由集中管理模式变为准市场筹资模式。正是这种模式给俄罗斯高等教育带来了巨大的活力,使得高等教育和社会各个层面建立了互动关系,从而改变了俄罗斯高校的生存状态。     

高等教育市场化改革思路分析

中国高等教育体系需要从根本上进行改革,变国家包办高等教育模式为市场导向教育模式,才能激发动力,提高教育系统效率。本文分析了市场化改革必要性,提出了改革基本路径,并针对一些改革矛盾进行了分析。     

Modernization of Russian higher education: exploring paths of influence

This article discusses the changes in Russian higher education policies and the role of international organizations—the World Bank and OECD—in promoting education reforms in this country. General and specific recommendations offered by the World Bank and the OECD expert teams to improve Russian higher education are analysed to determine if any of their suggestions have been considered and applied in recent government policies. We explore the mechanisms though which new policies are implemented at the institutional and national levels. Finally, we suggest that higher education institutions and the Russian government experience coercive, mimetic, normative and discursive pressures emanating from these global policy actors.     

Market as metaphor in central and East European higher education

Markets constitute the very centre of the post-communist reforms in the countries of Central and East Europe and the former Soviet Union. The two alternative approaches available for framing the market reform conceptually are, however, both inadequate. Those in favour of revolutionary theories fail to see the strong inertia of the academe and its desire for stability. Proponents of evolutionary theories of market reforms do not recognise qualitatively new relationships in many areas. Those eager to demonstrate the success of the market reforms as well as those presenting the success of the centralised higher education in a number of areas fail to realise the lack of legal framework for market reforms and missing political decisions on which the reforms could be based on. This article discusses the role of labour markets, markets of degrees and qualifications as well as the market of educational services as related to higher education reforms. It is proposed that downsizing the State has shifted many of its previous functions to random, often external agents. This creates a meta-level market - the market of market reforms in higher education. Through this quasi market formerly unified higher education systems and even institutions are broken into segments often ignoring each other's existence and seeking individual short term goals. As a result markets' pressure on higher education has taken extremely aggressive forms limiting access to quality higher education while the systemwide enrolment is rapidly growing through theactivities of new low calibre universities and diploma mills.     

Reflections on the Social Role of Contemporary Chinese Universities in the Reform Era

In the last three decades, along with rapid economic and social changes in China, dramatic changes have taken place in Chinese higher education, where Chinese universities have been experiencing a variety of systematic reforms. Chinese universities are also facing some new issues yet they have largely neglected the task of establishing their own internal values and taking up their social responsibility.     

Making policy with ‘good ideas’: policy networks and the ‘intellectuals’ of New Labour

The educational reforms being enacted in Singapore can be considered exceptional in that they are being undertaken within a highly effective system. We explore these reforms using Brown and Lauder's ideal-typical analysis of ‘neo-Fordist’ and ‘post-Fordist’ models of national economic development. Singapore's reforms have been extensive, ranging from changes to early childhood education through to tertiary education. We examine the nature of state-market relations in education within the context of Singapore's ‘soft authoritarian’ political culture and assess the chances of success of the reforms.     

延续与变迁:21世纪初的香港高等教育发展与改革

本文在概述香港高等教育发展历程的基础上,分析了世纪之初香港高等教育所面临的主要问题、重要改革举措和政策变革。香港高等教育在21世纪初的主要发展和改革表现在：素质评鉴机制的制度化,大学管治体制和教职员薪酬制度的改革,大学角色的再定位,社区学院和私立大学的发展,以及大学教育的国际化等方面。这些改革对香港高校与政府的关系、高校的角色定位等都带来重要影响。香港高等教育的国际化发展,将使香港高校在中国内地高等教育体系中扮演越来越重要的角色,推动香港与中国内地高等教育的互动和发展。为此,香港与内地之间需要加强在高等教育政策上的协调与合作。     

Reforming higher education systems: Some lessons to guide policy implementation

Although higher education systems are in a constant state of change, they are difficult for governments to reform. This paper analyzes a wide variety of country experiences in establishing mechanisms to co-ordinate the development of higher education systems, diversifying institutional financing and increasing the efficiency of public investments. Attention is drawn to the need for effective policy structures to manage higher education, to link costs of reforms to benefits such as increased opportunity, to take account of the institutional constraints to change as well as to carefully articulate educational reforms with other public policies that influence the performance of the higher education systems.     

近代国外大学课程改革对我国高等教育的启示

大学课程内容是高等教育的重要方面,直接影响高等教育的质量。近年来,发达国家课程改革取得可喜成就,本文以美、英、日为例,通过对发达国家课程改革的分析,为我国的大学课程改革提供参照。