大学生学习风格对贝叶斯推理成绩的影响

随机选取125名大学生,按照他们在Kolb的学习风格量表上的得分将其区分为发散者、同化者、聚合者和顺应者四种类型。按照随机分配原则让被试解决疾病问题或者中彩问题。结果表明:(1)学习风格对贝叶斯推理成绩影响的主效应边缘显著;(2)问题情境主效应显著;(3)学习风格与问题情境的交互效应不显著。结论:学习风格对贝叶斯推理任务的影响存在统计学上的差异,倾向于主动实验的学习风格者和倾向于抽象理解的学习风格者更能正确地做出估计。此外,不同推理情境中被试表现出"锚定参照错误"偏向。     

中国学生英语叙事语篇主题推理加工个体差异研究

本研究旨在考察二语读者叙事语篇主题推理实时认知加工过程的个体差异,重点关注不同阅读能力的中国英语学习者。研究采用阅读时间法,以叙事语篇为实验材料,以反应时为主要实验指标。研究结果表明:(1)阅读能力存在显著主效应,高阅读技能中国英语学习者能够产出实时主题推理,而低技能读者则相对缺乏这种能力;(2)故事启动条件和主题启动条件均存在显著主效应,但与阅读能力间交互作用均不显著。     

大学生领悟社会支持与生活满意度的关系研究

为了考察大学生领悟社会支持与生活满意度之间的关系,本文采用《领悟社会支持量表》(PSSS)和《生活满意度量表》(SLS)对368名被试大学生进行问卷调查。结果如下:(1)领悟社会支持和生活满意度在人口学变量上的分析表明,性别在领悟社会支持及其各要素上存在主效应;性别和专业在家庭支持上存在交互效应;专业在生活满意度上存在主效应。(2)领悟社会支持和生活满意度的相关分析表明,大学生的生活满意度与领悟社会支持总分、家庭支持、朋友支持及其他支持均呈显著正相关。(3)生活满意度对领悟社会支持及各因素的回归分析表明,家庭支持、朋友支持和其他支持均能显著预测大学生的生活满意度。通过分析,得出如下结论:大学生领悟社会支持是大学生生活满意度的重要影响因素。     

原型与问题呈现方式对科学问题解决的影响

以西南大学编制的《科学发明创造实验问题材料库》中24个科学问题为实验材料,随机抽取南通大学在校文理科大学生为被试,通过操纵学习时原型呈现方式(文本原型或文本原型+图形)和测试时问题呈现方式(文本问题或文本问题+图形),探讨了原型及问题本身呈现方式对科学问题解决的影响。结果发现:1)在科学发明问题解决中,在有图形的问题呈现方式下问题解决正确率高于文本问题呈现方式下的问题解决正确率;2)原型呈现方式在原型激活率上存在显著差异,在科学问题解决正确率上差异不显著;问题呈现方式在原型激活率上不存在显著差异,在科学问题解决正确率上差异显著;3)原型呈现方式和问题呈现方式在问题解决正确率和原型激活率上不存在交互作用,没有产生累加效应。     

5—11岁儿童三角形变式认知的实验研究

选取50名平均年龄分别为5．5岁、7．5岁、10．5岁儿童作为被试,采用快速呈现下的心理旋转技术范式和图形辨认任务,探索儿童对于三角形各种变式的认知发展状况。结果表明：（1）年龄辨认成绩（正确率与反应时）主效应显著。年龄是影响儿童三角形辨认测试成绩的一个重要因素,年龄越大,成绩越快越好。（2）边和角是影响测试成绩的重要因素。表现为,等腰三角形的正确率比不等腰三角形的正确率高;锐角三角形的反应时最短,钝角三角形的反应时最长。（3）三角形旋转180°时,角性质效应显著。在这一水平上,锐角三角形的正确率明显高于钝角三角形。该研究得出的教育启发是：在数学几何概念的教学中应重视图形变式的作用。     

执行意向与性别对大学生基于事件前瞻记忆影响的实验研究

研究采用2*2被试间设计,使用双任务研究范式探究执行意向操作对基于事件前瞻记忆的影响.实验研究结果发现,执行意向组大学生基于事件前瞻记忆反应时显著低于非执行意向组,但两组被试正确率差异不显著;基于事件前瞻记忆任务反应时和正确率在男女性别上差异不显著.     

同伴关系对大学生考试作弊决策的影响：性别差异的调节作用

目标:考察同伴关系及性别差异对大学生考试作弊行为的影响,意在了解影响大学生考试作弊的行为机制。方法:设置两种考试情境(高他人作弊情境与低他人作弊情境)对520名大学生进行施测,收回有效问卷514份。结果:同伴关系的主效应显著F(1,501)=476.25,p<0.001;性别主效应显著F(1,501)=33.154,p<0.001;同伴关系与性别的交互作用显著F(1,501)=35.48,p<0.001。进一步简单效应分析结果表明:高他人作弊情境下,男生作弊意向显著高于女生F(1,501)=38.65,p<0.001;而低他人作弊情境下,男生与女生的作弊意向差异不显著F(1,501)=3.76,p=.053。结论:性别与同伴关系共同影响大学生考试作弊行为,男生风险寻求的特点使得他们在面临"损失"时比女生表现出更多的作弊倾向。     

经济贫困对大学生社会支持的影响：性别的调节效应

采用2×2的两因素实验设计及双因素方差分析的方法,以性别为调节变量,研究经济贫困与大学生社会支持的关系,并采用社会支持评定量表对587名大学生进行问卷调查。结果表明：①经济贫困对大学生社会支持的整体水平无显著影响,且性别的调节效应也不显著;②经济贫困对大学生的客观支持水平有显著影响,且性别的调节效应显著,即男贫困大学生的客观支持水平显著高于男非贫困大学生、女贫困大学生;③经济贫困对大学生的主观支持无显著影响,且性别的调节效应也不显著;④经济贫困对大学生的支持利用度有显著影响,但性别的调节效应不显著,即女大学生的支持利用度显著高于男大学生。     

大学生性别角色与创造性倾向研究

本研究采用钱铭怡等人编制的大学生性别角色量表和威廉斯创造性倾向量表,对532名大学生进行测试。结果发现:大学生的创造性倾向的所有维度(冒险性、好奇性、想象力、挑战性)上,性别的主效应都不显著,而性别角色类型的主效应都显著。大学生中,本科生与专科生、文科生与理科生在创造性倾向的各维度上没有显著的差异。     

聋人和听力正常人对复杂图形信号辨认反应时和反应正确率的比较研究

本研究采用因素分析的方法研究聋人和听力正常人在快速和慢速两种呈现条件下对复杂视觉图形信号的认知绩效。结果表明 :( 1 )组别变量对视认知绩效的影响比较显著 ,聋人组的反应正确率较高而平均反应时却较长 ;( 2 )呈现速度变量对视认知绩效的影响十分显著 ,慢速呈现条件下的反应时较短 ;( 3 )正确反应时比错误反应时短。     

Assessing pupils’ intelligence through self,parental, and teacher estimates

This study examined the accuracy of self‐ and other‐estimated intelligence in relation to tested cognitive ability and gender. Three groups of raters were examined: 187 (102 male, 85 female; mean age 14.33 years, SD = .32) pupils of single‐sex comprehensive schools, 109 (55 mothers and 54 fathers) parents, and six teachers of the pupils. Pupils estimated their own overall IQ, while their parents and teachers estimated the pupils’ overall, mathematical, spatial, and verbal abilities. Self‐ and other‐estimates were compared to each other, and to the child’s psychometric test scores in verbal, quantitative, and figural/non‐verbal reasoning ability. Results suggested that participants were reasonably accurate at estimating pupils’ intelligence – teachers significantly more so than parents, and pupils significantly more so than fathers. Although both parents significantly overestimated their child’s IQ, this overestimation was more pronounced in fathers.     

Female Administrators: A Crack in the Glass Ceiling

This experimental study investigates the effects of gender of the evaluator, gender of the applicant, and gender of the reference source at the screening stage of the selection process. Specifically, male and female principals were asked to evaluate re´sume´s and reference letters of hypothetical male and female applicants for the focal position of assistant principal. In the context of selection of an assistant principal, the authors hypothesized that male principals would prefer male applicants and female principals would prefer female applicants. This hypothesis was based on the sex similarity-attraction paradigm. The sex similarity-attraction paradigm suggests that same-sex applicants will be regarded as more similar than opposite-sex applicants (Gallois, Callan & Palmer, 1992) and that applicants who are perceived as similar will be evaluated favorably (Cardy & Dobbins, 1986). Finally, although the authors anticipated that sex similarity-attraction would support an interaction effect between gender of applicant and gender of rater, as strengthened by gender of the reference letter source, the findings did not support this interaction. In fact, the main effect for gender of applicant indicates that hypothetical female administrator candidates are evaluated significantly higher than hypothetical male administrator candidates. This is contrary to about half of past selection research that suggested female applicants are given lower evaluations than male applicants. Thus, these results may be an indication that the evaluations of female applicants for administrative positions are improving to the extent that female applicants were more likely to be offered employment interviews than male applicants.     

内蒙古小学教师成就动机发展特点研究

以内蒙古参加新课程培训的231名小学教师（男77名,女生154名）为被试,采用成就动机量表（AMS）,调查了小学教师成就动机的状况和发展特点。结果表明：在避免失败上存在显著的性别差异,女教师显著高于男教师;不同年龄阶段的小学教师成就动机水平没有显著差异,但26-30岁是小学教师成就动机由积极到消极的分界点;不同任教学科的教师在避免失败上存在显著差异,语文教师的成就动机水平最高,数学教师的成就动机水平最低;不同职称、学历和教龄的小学教师成就动机水平上均没有显著差异。     

Sex differences in secondary school success: why female students perform better

School success is closely linked to intelligence but also to non-cognitive factors such as achievement motivation. The present study examines which non-cognitive factors predict secondary school grades and looks at reasons why female students tend to outperform their male counterparts. A sample of 554 German freshman students provided measures of general intelligence, achievement motivation, science course choice, self-efficacy, self-perceived academic achievement, and test anxiety. Results show that achievement motivation, self-perceived academic achievement, and sex significantly contribute to the final secondary school success above intelligence. Females’ advantage in final secondary school grades becomes even larger after controlling for general intelligence. This advantage can be explained by females’ higher achievement motivation. Showing more compensatory effort as well as self-control and taking more pride in their own productivity helps females to outperform their male counterparts at secondary school.     

The comparison of performance by sex of deaf children on the WISC-R

The Performance Scale of the WISC-R was administered to 60 female and 65 male hearing-impaired subjects. The only significant sex difference found was on the Coding subtest, with females outperforming males by a mean scaled score difference of 1.77 points (t = −3.087, p<.01). Subtest intercorrelational results suggest that deaf females possessed significantly better visual-motor coordination and speed, while males demonstrated better spatial analysis and synthesis skills. A principal factor analysis procedure yielded only one factor for each sex. The high degree of factorial similarity between the female and male samples indicated that the underlying construct being measured by the WISC-R Performance subtests does not differ by gender.     

Reactions of Mongolian gerbils in the presence of urine stimuli

Forty sexually mature Mongolian gerbils served as subjects in a study designed to examine responsiveness to samples of urine. In a two-choice comparison situation in the home cage, each isolated gerbil was tested for amount of time spent with each urine sample during a 3-min period. Male gerbils spent significantly more time with estrus female urine than nonestrus female gerbil urine, and with nonestrus female gerbil urine than with either male gerbil urine or water. Female gerbils did not respond differentially to any of the stimuli. Neither sex discriminated between gerbil and hamster urine of either sex. Results suggest that female gerbil urine communicates sexual identity and, especially, sexual readiness to the male gerbil.     

本科生与研究生婚恋观的特点研究

采用苏红编制的大学生婚恋观问卷,对304名本科生和研究生婚恋观的特点及其差异进行测量。研究结果发现,本科生和研究生在婚恋观的性爱抉择维度上、恋爱动机维度上以及婚姻自主维度上,存在显著的性别差异;在性爱抉择维度和婚姻角色维度上,存在显著的恋爱状态差异;在性爱抉择维度和婚姻忠诚维度上,本科生和研究生存在显著差异。由此可以得出如下结论：性别、恋爱状态等因素影响本科生和研究生的婚恋观;相比男生,女生在性爱抉择上更保守,恋爱动机更清晰,但婚姻自主度较低;相比曾经恋爱过的群体,正在恋爱的群体在性爱抉择上更传统,在婚姻角色上更加开放;相比研究生,本科生在性爱抉择上更保守,对婚姻的认识上也更忠诚。     

Achievement Motivation: a cross‐cultural comparison of British and Chinese students

This study investigated age, sex and cultural differences in achievement motivation. Subjects were a total of 764 male and female British high school and Chinese students aged 13‐55. The thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was administered to measure need for achievement (nAch). Results revealed that Chinese high school students had significantly higher nAch scores than their British counterparts. They also had significantly higher scores than the two older groups of Chinese students. Female subjects of both cultures had higher scores than males, although this difference was significant for British female subjects only. The results were discussed in terms of sociocultural and situational factors.     

School Subject Preferences of Pupils in Single Sex and Co‐educational Secondary Schools

Rankings of school subject preferences were obtained from 321 male and 327 female pupils aged 11‐12 years, and 245 male and 240 female pupils aged 15‐16 years, from both single sex and co‐educational secondary schools. Overall rank orders showed an effect of school type for younger pupils only, in which evidence for less gender stereotyping of school subjects in single sex schools was found. The rankings of the older pupils, while not affected by school type, did show a clear effect of gender, with higher rankings being given to mathematics, science and physical education by boys and to art by girls.     

The relationship between empathy‐related constructs and care‐based moral development in young adulthood

This study examined the link between care‐based moral reasoning and three different aspects of empathy—perspective taking, sympathy and personal distress. Participants were 30 female and 28 male students, ranging in age from 20 to 42 years. As expected, results showed that perspective taking uniquely predicted care‐based moral reasoning levels (positively), as assessed by Skoe’s Ethic of Care Interview (ECI). Personal distress, in contrast, was uniquely negatively related to the ECI. There was a curvilinear relationship between sympathy and the ECI for women only; women at ECI Level 2 (self‐sacrificing care for others) scored higher on sympathy than did all others. Moreover, women scored significantly higher than did men on the emotional aspects of empathy (i.e. sympathy and personal distress) but not on cognitive perspective taking or on the ECI. These findings support the theory that empathy plays a significant (and positive) role in adults’ moral reasoning. They also highlight the complexity of sex differences in the area of moral affect and cognition. Implications for moral education are discussed.