Assessement of Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Occupationally Exposed Workers of Jodhpur,Rajasthan

In spite of the established knowledge regarding their toxicities, occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium still continues because of their wide distribution in environment. Due to lack of awareness, most of the workers usually eat, smoke, drink at their workplace which may aggravate the metal exposure. The present study was planned to assess the blood levels of lead and cadmium in occupationally exposed workers of Jodhpur (India). A total of 110 individuals working in different industrial set ups (furniture, metal handicraft, welders) of Jodhpur district (exposed group), aged between 20 and 60 years and 97 apparently healthy people (controls) with no history of occupational heavy metal exposure aged between 25 and 60 were recruited. Details of personal habits and demographics were recorded by means of self-developed questionnaire. 5 ml of whole blood was drawn from every individual. Metal levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism Software. Results showed that Blood Lead Level and Blood Cadmium Level (CdB) were significantly higher in the exposed group as compared to the non-exposed group. Significant age and gender-based differences were found in terms of blood cadmium levels but no such difference was observed in case of blood lead. The study also revealed that higher blood levels of these metals in workers are influenced by their occupational practices, lack of protection against workplace environment pollutants, thus increasing their susceptibility to metal toxicity.     

行为公司金融:理论研究及在我国的实践意义

本文从理论和实证方面对公司投资者和管理者之间的互动关系进行描述,分析投资者非理性和管理者非理性范式下的资本配置行为,为公司的投资决策、融资决策争股利政策等提供直观的和较现实的解释,并为解决我国更加复杂的现实问题提供切实可行的方法和建议.     

Status of Serum Calcium,Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone and Hematological Indices Among Lead Exposed Jewelry Workers in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Jewelry utilizes lead either directly or as a base metal. Costume jewelry requires lead before molding and plating the product with valuable metals. Therefore, such ornaments have a great potential to release heavy metals having health hazards. Also, jewelry makers engaged in preparing German silver, an alloy, apply lead in smelting, alloying, rolling and milling silver wires and pieces. The metal is taken up by blood, soft tissues and bone. The biological effects of lead are dependent upon the level and duration of exposure. Lead inhibits three enzymes of heme biosynthesis- δ-amino-levulinic-acid dehydratase (ALAD), coproporphyrin oxidase, and ferrochelatase, impairing heme synthesis and depressing serum level of erythropoietin resulting in decreased hemoglobin synthesis. Lead exposure also affects calcium metabolism and impair the synthesis of Calcitriol. In the present study, jewelry makers from Dhaka, Bangladesh, were shown to have significantly high levels of lead, protein, albumin, and parathormone in their blood, and significantly high amount of zinc-protoporphyrin and δ-amino-levulinic-acid in their urine. The control group, on the other hand showed significantly higher amounts of calcium (both total and ionized form) Vitamin D₃ and non-activated erythrocyte ALAD in their blood, along with hemoglobin. It might be due to inhibition of 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme in renal tubules. Lead causes nephro-toxicity and inhibits 1-α- hydroxylase enzyme leading to decreased calcitriol synthesis resulting in impaired calcium absorption across gastro-intestinal tract and renal tubules. Low Vitamin D₃ and significantly increased Parathyroid hormone (PTH) in study group has been found.     

人力资源管理的"行为化"趋势

随着行为科学应用到人力资源管理的各个领域,人力资源管理实践中出现了“行为化”的趋势,关注对行为的识别、评估和塑造.评述了行为化趋势在人力资源管理的几个主要领域中的体现,并提出这种行为化趋势对人力资源管理实践的启示。     

Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoking On Pregnancy Outcome

The effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are less studied especially on neonates. This study evaluates the clinical and biochemical effects in neonates exposed to ETS during pregnancy. Two hundred pregnant women asked to complete the questioners about their ETS. Ninety from them were enrolled in biochemical assays as two groups according to ETS. The cotinine level determined in saliva and serum of mothers to confirm their tobacco exposure. The routine tracheal suction from the fetus was used to determine the level of neuron specific enolase (NSE), soluble E-cadherin, sApo-1/Fas, nitric oxide (NO) and cotinine. In clinical assessment, the percent of full term babies in non-exposed group (72 %) are higher compared to exposed group (67 %). Apgar score at the first min, admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and morbidity during the first month shows statistical significance increase in exposed compared to non-exposed group (p = 0.03, 0.05, 0.01, respectively). The new born weight in exposed group significantly decreased compared to non-exposed group (2,850 g ± 3.74 vs 2,967.67 g ± 3.34; p = 0.02). In biochemical assessment, NSE and sE-cadherin significantly increased, while NO significantly decreased (p = 0.000) in exposed compared to non-exposed group. There is a positive correlation between level of cotinine and both NSE, sE-cadherin (r = 0.7, 0.9; p = 0.000, 0.006, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study link between prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and biochemical parameters measured in tracheal suction. PTE will lead to decrease in birth weight most probably by decreasing NO, sFas, and increasing sE-cadherin. While, increased morbidity of neonates in the exposed group could be attributed to cessation of breast feeding and its complication and increased NSE in the studied markers.     

农民工劳动权益的性别差异研究——基于珠三角3000多位农民工的调查

本文基于珠江三角洲地区3000多位农民工的实证调查数据,考察了农民工劳动权益的性别差异及其原因.结果表明,农民工,不管是男性还是女性,在企业打工期间并没有获得理应获得的劳动权益,而且他们在工资、工资拖欠、技能培训、辞工自由、日常福利、人身权利等劳动权益的获得方面存在较为明显的性别差异.进一步分解导致农民工在上述劳动权益方面存在的性别差异的原因,本文发现,性别歧视可能是导致当前我国农民工劳动权益的性别差异的一个最为重要的原因,此外,人力资本因素和组织制度因素也为这种性别差异提供了较强的解释力.     

农民工人力资本与城市融入的实证分析——以陕西籍农民工为例

农民工是我国改革开放以来最重要的人力资源,为国家工业化和城市化发展做出了历史性贡献。从资源经济学角度看,人力资源的质量,即人力资本,是影响农民工融入城市的重要因素,受到政府和学术界越来越多的重视。本文在论述构建农民工人力资本与城市融入基本概念和基本假设基础上,以陕西籍农民工为例,从人力资本角度,对农民工城市融入状况进行了实证调查。分析结果表明：农民工人力资本中的健康状况、教育程度、劳动技能对城市融入各维度均有显著影响;工作年限对城市融入的社会融入维度有显著影响。因此,建议政府和社会各界积极采取有效措施,充分提升农民工的人力资本质量,以便帮助农民工更好地融入城市生活,加快我国城市化的健康发展,推动和谐社会的建设。     

Role of Brain Biomarker in Predicting Clinical Outcome in Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Ischemic Stroke

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) in prediction of disability and neurological worsening in hypertensive ischemic cerebrovascular stroke. 80 hypertensive ischemic stroke patients diagnosed by a neurologist as per WHO definition along with radiological findings suggestive of cerebrovascular stroke and differentiating from hemorrhagic stroke and 60 controls having essential hypertension coming to hospital because of regular checkup or headache but with no neurological disease were included in the study. Neurological disability was assessed by NIHSS at the time of admission (within 72 h from the onset of stroke) and on 7th day after admission and cases were categorized into mild, moderate and severe disability. Venous blood samples were drawn within 72 h from the onset of symptoms. The samples were processed as per the laboratory protocol. The serum NSE samples were analyzed using an enzyme immunoassay based on the sandwich technique. We observed raised serum NSE in hypertensive ischemic stroke (17.4 ± 5.4 ng/ml) with significant association between different hypertensive groups than in hypertensive controls (9.1 ± 0.75 ng/ml). Greater degree of disability was observed in hypertensive stroke patients with raised serum NSE and hypertensive patients with mean serum NSE level of 22.9 ± 3.6 ng/ml and dyslipidemia had greater probability of neurological worsening as compared to those with mean serum NSE level of 12.7 ± 1.2 ng/ml. Serum NSE levels can serve as a peripheral indicator of neuronal damage and assist in the prediction of disability and clinical outcome in hypertensive cerebrovascular ischemic stroke patients.     

Linear Analysis of Autonomic Activity and Its Correlation with Creatine Kinase-MB in Overt Thyroid Dysfunctions

Autonomic activity may be deranged in thyroid dysfunctions and may lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Myopathy is a common manifestation in thyroid disorders and may be associated with raised serum creatine kinase (CK). We hypothesized that cardiovascular abnormality in thyroid dysfunction may manifest as raised CK-MB. This study was designed to investigate the correlation of CK and its isoform CK-MB with thyroid profile and linear parameters of heart rate variability (HRV). The study was conducted on 35 hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients each, and 25 age-matched healthy controls. Autonomic activity was assessed by simple short term 5-min HRV. Biochemical evaluation of serum thyroid profile, CK-NAC and CK-MB were estimated in all the subjects. Our results demonstrated low HRV in hypo- as well as hyperthyroid patients. We observed significantly higher serum CK levels in hypothyroid patients when compared to hyperthyroids and controls. However, no significant differences were observed in CK-MB levels in the three groups. Significant positive correlation of CK with TSH and negative correlation with some HRV parameters (LF power, HF power, total power, SDNN, RMSSD) was observed in hypothyroid patients. Whereas correlation of CK-MB with thyroid profile as well as HRV parameters was non-significant in all the groups. Based on the CK and CK-MB findings and their correlation, we conclude that the cardiovascular changes seen in thyroid dysfunctions may primarily be due to autonomic imbalance without apparent cardiac muscle involvement. Whereas, raised CK levels indicate predominantly skeletal muscle involvement in hypothyroid patients.     

农民工市民化的城市住房政策研究:基于国别经验的比较

如何解决农民工在城市的住房是中国城镇化进程中面临的严峻问题。通过对其他国家解决城市外来人口的住房、治理贫民窟的经验与教训的分析,中国农民工市民化的城市住房政策应该是:政府高度重视并将农民工纳入城镇公共住房视野、大力推进公共住房建设并出台配套政策和长远规划、培育城市房屋租赁市场、改变农民工安置区的建设理念、妥善规划城乡结合部的发展、集合社会大众的力量等。     

行为科学的现状和发展趋势

行为科学是指用科学的研究方法 ,探索在自然和社会环境中人的行为的科学。半个世纪以来 ,世界各国成立了许多有关行为科学的研究机构 ,对不同领域的问题开展了大量研究。当前的信息化和经济全球化 ,向行为科学研究提出两个重要的前沿问题 ,即信息化条件下个体与组织的行为适应、经济全球化带来的文化冲突与融合。美国已正式宣布 2 0 0 0— 2 0 10年为“行为的 10年” ,我国也应加强行为科学的研究。最后展望了 2 1世纪行为科学的发展趋势     

知识型员工的工作不安全感:影响及控制手段

建立和证实组织应对工作不安全感及其消极后果的因果链,探究组织如何有效应对和控制工作不安全感及其消极后果。通过Lisrel和SPSS等软件对来自不同行业的219份有效问卷的实证分析表明,工作不安全感显著影响知识型员工的离职倾向和幸福感;工作不确定性会引发工作不安全感;组织发展性支持作为一项压力干预策略,能有效降低知识型员工的工作不安全感和工作不确定性;同时,工作不确定性和工作不安全感在组织发展性支持与知识型员工离职倾向和幸福感之间起连续中介作用。丰富了国内关于工作不安全感的研究,同时从组织关注和个体关注两方面分析工作不安全感的后果,为当前变化情境下的企业如何有效应对和管理知识型员工的工作不安全感提供管理借鉴。     

城市边缘区不同类型农户对宅基地流转的认知与响应——以衡阳市酃湖乡两个典型村为例

利用衡阳市酃湖乡农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型,探讨了城市边缘区不同类型农户宅基地流转的意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:①整体上,调查区农户宅基地流转意愿偏低,影响不同类型农户决策的因子呈现整体一致、局部差异的特征;②不同类型农户的共同影响因子是经济因素和社会因素,出租和出售是主要的流转方式。流转政策认知程度低、乡土情结重与就业压力大是农户流转决策的主要障碍因子;③纯农业型农户宅基地流转意愿受到年龄、劳动力投入量与自然灾害频率的影响。但该类型农户宅基地流转意愿最高,以出售为主要流转方式;一兼农业型与农工兼具型农户的影响因子一致,以出租为主要流转方式;二兼农业型农户影响因素最少,流转意愿最低,流转方式以出租和入股为主;纯非农业型农户流转决策受外出务工收入和家庭人口数量影响较大,流转意愿最高,以出租和置换为主要流转方式。研究认为,尽管不同类型农户宅基地流转意愿影响因素存在差异,但核心问题还在于流转政策。政府应在农户自愿基础上,完善现有农户宅基地流转政策,解决农户后顾之忧,将有助于提高农户流转意愿。     

浅谈高校思想政治工作者的素质修养

高校思想政治教育主要是靠高校思想政治工作者去进行的。高校思想政治工作者自身素质的高低,修养的好坏,对于能否掌握科学的思想政治教育方法,搞好新时期的思想政治教育起着决定性的作用。因此,对高校思想政治工作者的自身素质和修养的提高及其途径的研究,是思想政治教育艺术的基本问题之一。     

农民工体育行为探析——以辽宁农民工为例

农民工体育行为一直是全民健身研究的重要课题．本文以辽宁省农民工为研究对象进行问卷调查研究,分析了当前农民工体育行为的现状．希望为农民工体育行为的研究提供一些参考。     

Chronic Exposure to Lead: A Cause of Oxidative Stress and Altered Liver Function in Plastic Industry Workers in Kolkata,India

It is well known that chronic exposure of lead leads to adverse health effects. Workers for plastic industry are generally exposed to high concentration of lead as fume, dust, and additive that protect PVC. This study was done on them to find out the detrimental effects of chronic lead exposure on hepatic and hematological toxicity. Blood and 24 h urine sample was collected from 47 plastic industry workers and matched against 42 controls for various parameters. The study group shows significant increase in blood (p < 0.0001) and urinary level of lead (p < 0.0001). Hemoglobin levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.0001), and the liver enzymes like ALP, ALT, AST and y-GT were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in all cases exposed for >10 years. Serum lipid peroxide by quantitative assay of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was also found increased in the study group (p < 0.0001). The observations point towards the acute health risk faced by plastic industry workers, in whom chronic exposure to lead increases the absorption and accumulation, over a period of time, of this highly toxic element in their body. This increases oxidative stress, causes metabolic damage to RBC and cell membranes, and also suggests necrosis of liver cell, hepatocellular injury and presence of space occupying lesions. Considering the data immediate health and hygiene monitoring and proper rehabilitation for the suffering population seem to be of paramount need in plastic industry to minimize occupational hazards.     

从前景理论看扩大消费的有效途径：一个行为经济学的视角

消费是拉动经济增长的最终和最关键的动力源,而国内经济增长过于依靠出口拉动和外资,如何激活居民的消费需求、加快居民的消费升级意义重大。论文基于消费者有限理性的基本假设,从行为经济学的视角,运用前景理论研究城乡居民消费需求扩大的制约因素,并在此基础上提出当前扩大居民消费的当务之急是稳定价格、扩大就业和完善社会保障体系。     

知识型员工领导—成员交换与周边绩效的关系研究

以知识型员工为研究对象,通过问卷调查的实证研究方式,观察其领导—成员交换及周边绩效的现状,并探讨两者之间的关系,以此尝试对企业管理实践提出建议。研究表明,知识型员工的领导—成员交换质量与周边绩效呈显著正相关,其情感及贡献维度对周边绩效有显著的正向影响。     

三峡库区农户土地流转的理论解析

本文通过构建理论数理模型,分析阻碍三峡库区土地流转发生与发展的因素,为土地使用权的灵活使用打开一条流转双方可有效对接的便捷通道.首先假设农户为“理性经济人”,将农户综合净收益分解为生产、流转和非农三项,考虑到农业生产的弱质性和非农就业的不稳定性,库区土地流转双方对接受阻的困境在于双方均想借助土地流转将所持资源最大限度地动员起来,以追求综合净收益的最大化目标能否实现为基准.然后基于双方净收益最大目标求解模型,理论解析库区农户土地流转影响因素的作用轨迹:承包土地面积、农业生产成本、农产品价格、农业生产收益安全系数和家庭拥有资本量共同影响农业生产的净收益,属流转双方作出流转决策行为的基础依据;单位面积土地流转年租金和流转年限共同控制土地流转净收益多少,属流转双方评判流转净收益的根本指标,是有效流转发生“博弈”的关键;非农就业概率和非农就业工资显著影响非农就业净收益,是开启农户对土地依赖性松动及拉动土地流转发生的根本力量和最主要的外施驱动因素.