高等教育对美国大学生就业的影响

本研究将大学教育的经济回报分析扩展到毕业后十年,进一步考察了大学教育对于学生毕业后第一个十年内失业可能性的影响。本研究还验证了大学质量对毕业生收入有积极影响,同时不同本科专业之间存在巨大差异。然而,这两个主要因素对毕业生失业可能性的影响却截然不同:一方面,高质量私立大学的毕业生虽然在各类型高校的毕业生中享有最高的平均收入,但其失业的可能性也最大;另一方面,较其他专业毕业生而言,就读于高需求专业如商学、医学等的毕业生,其失业可能性也较低。     

Improving College Enrollment of At-Risk Students at the School Level

Many federal, state, and local education policy priorities are aimed at preparing high school students, especially those at risk, to be college- and career-ready when they graduate from high school. A number of programs across different institutional entities have been initiated to achieve these goals, encompassing individual partnerships with schools. Many of these programs include a variety of interventions, ranging from college and course counseling to college visits. Although there have been some evaluations of the larger federal programs, and some state and district programs, few have examined national observational data on the impact of these programmatic efforts on college enrollments. This study uses the HSLS:09 database to investigate the impact of specific treatments in at-risk schools on college enrollments. Results show that several of these programmatic initiatives have a positive effect on college enrollment; however, the effects are small compared to some of those reported by other national studies.     

HOPE for community college students: The impact of merit aid on persistence,graduation, and earnings

Community colleges play a major role in postsecondary education, yet previous research has emphasized the impact of merit aid on four-year students rather than two-year students. Furthermore, researchers have focused on the impact of merit aid on enrollment and outcomes during college, but to my knowledge, none have yet considered the impact of aid on earnings after college. This paper utilizes discontinuities in eligibility criteria for a large merit scholarship to examine the local impact of aid on student outcomes both during college and after college. The findings suggest that reducing the cost of community college does not impact persistence, academic performance, degree completion, expected earnings, or short-term earnings after college for marginally eligible students.     

The Influence of Dual Enrollment on Academic Performance and College Readiness: Differences by Socioeconomic Status

I examine the influence of dual enrollment, a program that allows students to take college courses and earn college credits while in high school, on academic performance and college readiness. Advocates consider dual enrollment as a way to transition high school students into college, and they further claim that these programs benefit students from low socioeconomic status (SES). However, few researchers examine the impact of dual enrollment on academic performance and college readiness, in particular, whether SES differences exist in the impact of dual enrollment. Even fewer researchers consider the extent to which improved access to dual enrollment reduces SES gaps in academic performance and college readiness. I find that participation in dual enrollment increases first-year GPA and decreases the likelihood for remediation. I conduct sensitivity analysis and find that results are resilient to large unobserved confounders that could affect both selection to dual enrollment and the outcome. Moreover, I find that low-SES students benefit from dual enrollment as much as high-SES students. Finally, I find that differences in program participation account for little of the SES gap in GPA and remediation.     

Does an Early College Readiness Signal Discourage College Application and Enrollment?

States are currently seeking ways to improve alignment between K–12 and postsecondary education and better prepare students for postsecondary schooling. Some states have begun implementing policies that inform high school students that they are not ready for college-level courses well before they graduate, in order to give both notice and time to prepare. However, if the early information from these tests suggests that a student may require remedial coursework upon entry to college, the student may be discouraged from attending college. This article focuses on one state's effort to increase students’ information about college readiness. Regression discontinuity design is used to determine whether a student receiving a signal that he/she needs remediation lowers the probability of that student applying to or enrolling in participating universities. Results indicate that the policy has had little to no impact on application and no impact on enrollment.     

异地高考政策对随迁子女高等教育机会的影响——比较乡-城、城-城两类流动人口的差异

大多数学者认为异地高考政策更加有利于家庭条件较好的随迁子女,少数学者则认为该政策能有效保障农村随迁子女的教育权益,但已有文献仍缺乏关于异地高考政策对两类流动人口高等教育机会影响差异的比较研究。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,本文探讨了异地高考政策对城乡随迁子女高等教育机会的影响,并探究了该政策的调节作用。研究发现,异地高考政策对农村随迁子女高等教育机会的促进作用显著高于城镇随迁子女,且这种效应仅在高政策门槛地区存在,低门槛地区不存在。从政策的调节作用来看,异地高考政策有助于提高农村流动人口子女随迁的意愿,且对农村随迁子女高等教育机会的促进作用要显著高于农村留守子女。同时,异地高考政策可显著降低农村随迁子女家庭社会经济地位对其子女高等教育机会的影响。为此,各地方政府应坚持并完善异地高考政策,充分发挥该政策促进高等教育公平的杠杆作用;流入地政府要进一步提高本地高中教育服务能力;中央政府要进一步推进、完善高考录取制度改革。     

球赛对大学生球迷认知发展的影响——群体心理的积极影响

通过各类球赛对大学生球迷群体心理的积极影响研究与分析,发现球赛对不同年级、不同年级的男、女大学生球迷心理的影响差异具高度显著性。大学生球迷有较强的集体主义观念,群体对个人的吸引力较大,群体归属感、认同感、凝聚力强烈。随着年龄和学龄的增长,独立性增强,群体归属感、认同感、凝聚力有所降低。通过观看球赛可以促使大学生球迷增强群体归属感、群体认同感,培养和认识大学生球迷的群体凝聚力。     

审美：难以落实的老生常谈——兼及大学语文的定位与任务

关于审美教育的重要性,不同版本的大学语文教材大都表示认同。然而从教学实践来看,学生们大多缺乏审美的意识和技能,一些教材当中时常会出现妨害审美的误读与误导。这都说明审美教育这样一个老生常谈的话题在语文教学的过程当中落实得并不好。审美教育的不足,固然和中学应试教育模式有关,但另一方面,这实际上也为大学语文教育提供了充足的运作、发展空间。深化审美教育,理应成为大学语文区别于中学语文的特色,这不仅直接影响到大学语文教学实践中的重点和难点,而且也关系到大学语文的任务和定位即课程的合法性问题。     

The decreased popularity of the teaching sector in the 1970s

In the 1970s, the proportion of male college freshmen who planned to become teachers dropped from 15% to 3%, and that of female freshman from 45% to 12%. In this paper, I use nationally representative survey data on the career plans of college freshmen to look at the roles played by increased access to fertility controls and the unionization of the teaching sector, in the decline in the popularity of the teaching sector during this period. I find that the overall impact of these factors on men was small and insignificant, whereas early legal access to contraceptives increased women’s likelihood of planning to become teachers. Looking at the actual career outcomes of the same cohorts in the census data, I find that access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of men in teaching and positive impact on the share of women. I use information on high school grades and college selectivity in the freshmen surveys to separate students by academic ability in the analysis. I find that unionization had a negative impact on plans to become teachers among high-ability men and low-ability women. Increased access to the pill had a negative impact on the share of low-ability men who planned to teach and a positive impact on the share among low- and medium-ability women.     

Fractions in College: How Basic Math Remediation Impacts Community College Students

This study investigates the link between basic math skills, remediation, and the educational opportunity and outcomes of community college students. Capitalizing on a unique placement policy in one community college that assigns students to remedial coursework based on multiple math skill cutoffs, I first identify the skills that most commonly inhibit student access to higher-level math courses; these are procedural fluency with fractions and the ability to solve word problems. I then estimate the impact of “just missing” these skill cutoffs using multiple rating-score regression discontinuity design. Missing just one fractions question on the placement diagnostic, and therefore starting college in a lower-level math course, had negative effects on college persistence and attainment. Missing other skill cutoffs did not have the same impacts. The findings suggest the need to reconsider the specific math expectations that regulate access to college math coursework.

     

A Psychology Fulbright Year in China

This article shares a series of personal observations and anecdotes about central issues in college mental health in China based on my Fulbright year there. There are many cultural and structural forces that both support and constrain the growth of the mental health field in China. This article addresses these forces in terms of their impact on college student psychotherapy and the broader mental health of Chinese college students.     

大学生政治社会化过程中的隐性思想政治教育研究

隐性思想政治教育是推进大学生政治社会化进程的必要手段,同时也是大学生习得政治文化,提高政治能力的必要途径。高校管理者要高度重视隐性思想政治教育在大学生政治社会化进程中的作用,有计划、有目的的利用隐性思想政治教育资源,积极推进大学生政治社会化进程。     

浅析大学英语测试改革

大学英语测试中存在测试形式单一,题型欠缺,测试效度低等弊端。这些问题的存在对大学英语教学工作造成了不利的影响。本文就这些问题提出了一些改进建议。     

Where to attend? Estimating the effects of beginning college at a two-year institution

Two-year colleges are an important part of the higher education system in the United States but there are concerns as to how attendance at these institutions affects educational attainment and labor market outcomes. This paper uses data from a nationally representative survey to examine the impact of students beginning their college career at a two-year college instead of a four-year college. Treatment effects are estimated using both standard regression techniques as well as propensity score matching. As these estimates may be contaminated because of selection on unobservable characteristics this paper will also employ a number of sensitivity analyses to consider the potential bias. The results show large negative impacts on both educational attainment and labor market outcomes for men and women who begin at a two-year college, even for those students who expect to complete a bachelor's degree. The evidence from the sensitivity analyses suggest that to eliminate these large effects there would need to be substantial, and arguably implausible, selection on unobservable characteristics.     

Predicting Grit and Resilience: Exploring College Students’ Academic Rational Beliefs

Data were collected from 289 undergraduate college students at a minority‐serving institution to explore the impact of academic rational beliefs on grit and resilience. Findings from hierarchical regression analyses suggested that academic rational beliefs related to evaluation and work habits accounted for a significant amount of variance in grit. Work habits explained a significant portion of the variance in resilience. On the basis of these results, recommendations for future research and implications for college counselors are offered.     

The effect of secondary school study skills preparation on first‐year university achievement

Although many studies have revealed the importance of study skills for students' first‐year performance and college retention, the extent of the impact of study skills preparation on students' academic achievement is less clear. This paper explores the impact of pre‐university study skills preparation on students' first‐year study experiences, academic achievement and persistence. The setting for this study is a large law school in the Netherlands which attracts students from more than 100 schools for secondary education. The results show that the perceived study skills preparation concerning time management and learning skills does have a positive impact on college students' first‐year study behaviour and academic achievement. However, the study also shows that the impact of perceived college preparation is far less important for college retention than other factors such as satisfaction about the chosen degree programme and tutorial attendance.     

论品德不良大学生的矫正教育

品德不良对大学生个体的成长,以及教育目标的实现都会造成巨大的影响。文章对大学生品德不良的成因进行深入剖析,认为高校教育者应从道德认知、道德情感、道德意志、道德行为等方面给予帮助,从而矫正其品德不良行为,促进大学生良好品德的形成。     

Understanding College Readiness: The Limitations of Information and the Possibilities of Cultural Integrity

ABSTRACT

The college readiness of high school graduates has become a core objective of the education policy of the United States. Early college readiness programs now exist in 38 states, and early college transition curricula have been developed in 29 states. This article evaluates the oldest of these programs, the Early Assessment Program (EAP), operated through the California State University (CSU) system. The authors argue that the EAP, grounded in enhanced information and choice – tenets of rational choice theory – is inadequate to meet the goals of the university. Remediation challenges at the CSU have remained substantial. An early college readiness program that also incorporates the theory of cultural integrity will have a more substantive impact on college readiness, particularly for marginalized youth.     

Economic Impact Studies: A Traditional Method and an Expanded Approach

Abstract

Two studies of the economic impact of the college on the community were conducted at two very different colleges in Alabama. The method employed at a private, predominantly black, four-year accredited liberal arts college also included an investigation of the human development impact of the college on the community, which was not investigated at the other college, a public, predominantly white, two-year accredited junior college. The findings from both studies suggest that the most meaningful impact studies should try to measure and consider human as well as economic factors.