扑克牌问题的数学推广与解决

首先给出由—扑克牌游戏规则产生的问题，进而利用(0，1)-矩阵方法对此问题作了数学推广与理论分析：即重排数g(m，n)及其存在性，最后给出g(m，n)求解算法与求解公式。     

Teaching and learning online: a correspondence education for the 21st century?

In this paper, the author reflects on his first experience of tutoring on an online course. He compares online courses with their classroom and distance learning equivalents, from the point of view of both tutors and learners. This leads to a consideration of the multiple roles of the online tutor and how they can be acquired. The paper ends with an appraisal of some of the risks and drawbacks of online courses.     

真与雅:贾宝玉之女子审美观

贾宝玉所生活的大观园里,美女如云,虽然她们容貌不同,性情有别,但在贾宝玉的审美观中,真与雅构成了他女子审美的真正核心与共同标准.     

Elegant and Democratic Values: How Will the New English Universities Gel?

This paper examines the respective cultures of universities and polytechnics under the former 'binary' system and goes on to consider the implications of this pattern for the development of the new unitary system. It is concluded that a 'plurality of missions and cultures' will emerge alongside the movement for an elite to a mass higher education system. The importance of a concern for quality in the learning experience of students and what this should mean in practice is put forward as a unifying factor in this diversity.     

Resistance to extinction: contingency termination and generalization decrement

We present an algebraic model of resistance to extinction that is consistent with research on resistance to change. The model assumes that response strength is a power function of reinforcer rate and that extinction involves two additive, decremental processes: (1) the termination of the reinforcement contingency and (2) generalization decrement resulting from reinforcer omission. The model was supported by three experiments. In Experiment 1, 4 pigeons were trained on two-component multiple variable-interval (VI) 60-sec, VI 240-sec schedules. In two conditions, resistance to change was tested by terminating the response-reinforcer contingency and presenting response-independent reinforcers at the same rate as in training. In two further conditions, resistance to change was tested by prefeeding and by extinction. In Experiment 2, 6 pigeons were trained on two-component multiple VI 150-sec schedules with 8-sec or 2-sec reinforcers, and resistance to change was tested by terminating the response-reinforcer contingency in three conditions. In two of those conditions, brief delays were interposed between responses and response-independent reinforcers. In both Experiments 1 and 2, response rate was more resistant to change in the richer component, except for extinction in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, 8 pigeons were trained on multiple VI 30-sec, VI 120-sec schedules. During extinction, half of the presentations of each component were accompanied by a novel stimulus to produce generalization decrement. The extinction data of Experiments 1 and 3 were well described by our model. The value of the exponent relating response strength and reinforcement was similar in all three experiments.     

Introducing grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs): exploring rate and complexity in phonics instruction for kindergarteners with limited literacy skills

Two experiments explored rates for introducing grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) and the types of correspondences taught for optimal alphabet and early literacy skills learning. In both studies, children entered with minimal alphabet knowledge and were randomly assigned within classrooms to one of two treatments delivered individually over 5 weeks. In Study 1, children grades K-1 were assigned to instruction in a set of either 10 (Slow rate, n?=?33) or 15 (Fast rate, n?=?32) single- and two-letter GPCs. Study 1 findings indicated that children who learned five added GPCs did not reduce learning of the common set of 10 learned GPCs for any measure (including letter names, sounds, letter sound writing, word reading, and spelling), and learning favored Fast items over Slow for letter sounds, letter sound writing, and word reading (median d?=?0.30). In Study 2, kindergarteners were assigned to instruction in either single letters only (Single, n?=?30) or mixed-size GPCs (Mixed, n?=?31). Instruction included application of GPCs to decoding and spelling. Results showed that kindergarteners in the Mixed condition made significantly greater gains learning the four two-letter GPCs across measures (median d?=?0.86), and no significant differences between groups on measures of the 11 one-letter GPCs common to both conditions. Findings add precision to understanding how rate and order of introducing GPCs influence children’s initial alphabet learning. Further study of empirically validated methods of alphabet instruction may benefit in particular those children most at risk for acquiring this foundational knowledge.

     

Munchausen by proxy: a case, chart series, and literature review of older victims

The history of an older child victim of Munchausen by proxy (MBP) is described. He was referred for evaluation after repeated sinus surgeries for recurrent sinus infections believed to be related to a falsified history of an immunodeficiency. The perpetrator was the mother of this 14-year-old victim, consistent with the majority of such cases. This case prompted a review of cases of MBP in older children reported in our hospital as well as a literature search for other cases in older children. METHODS: This study was a chart review of children over 6 years of age who had been evaluated by social services at the Children's Hospital at the Cleveland Clinic and reported as cases of Munchausen by proxy to Child Protective Services between January 2001 and June 2003. Also, an OVID, Psychline, and Pubmed literature review of published cases of Munchausen by proxy were identified, and cases occurring in the older child were selected for review. RESULTS: Older children who are the victims of Munchausen by proxy may have an induced illness, but falsified reports of symptoms and medical history to coerce the child to undergo medical procedures may be more common. Collusion of the victim with the perpetrator may also become a factor as the child ages and adopts the deception. Given the complex relationship that exists between the parent and child, it is difficult to predict whether the victim either will assist the caregiver in maintaining the factitious illness or be able to recognize the falsification. CONCLUSIONS: Older children who are the victims of Munchausen by proxy may fear consequences of revealing the factitious illness. Physicians must consider the possibility of this diagnosis whenever there are discrepancies in a child's illness that makes a factitious illness a consideration.     

大家风范的丰富内涵和深刻启示——学习教育部对潘懋元先生评价的体会

国家教育部在最近给厦门大学的信中指出，潘懋元先生是一位名的教育理论家、杰出的教师和优秀的教育活动家。这个评价很高，又是实事求是的，十分中肯的。本结合对教育部贺信的学习，论述潘懋元先生大家风范的丰富内涵及其给我们的深刻启示。     

一个带参数的分式不等式的新推广及其应用

利用Cauchy不等式，Chebyshev不等式及幂平均不等式，给出了一个带参数的分式不等式的两个新推广，并研究了推广结果的一组推论及其应用。     

Children's word structure knowledge: Implications for decoding and spelling instruction

Research has shown that not all children internalize the structure of English orthography as they learn to decode and spell. In fact, many children have difficulty mastering these two skills. In this paper, the relevance of word structure knowledge to decoding and spelling instruction and performance is discussed. It was anticipated that explicit, discussion oriented, and direct decoding instruction based on word origin and structure would result in improved reading and spelling performance. During the instruction, students compared and contrasted letter-sound correspondences, syllable patterns, and morpheme patterns in English words of Anglo-Saxon, Romance, and Greek origin. Upper elementary grade students receiving the decoding instruction made significant gains in word structure knowledge and in decoding and spelling achievement.     

Trials to criterion: a within‐program prediction of post‐program generalization

Data‐based instruction is an important and effective procedure when teaching handicapped learners; at present, however, no validated decision rules are available to predict post‐program generalization. This study investigated the extent to which learning set analysis of a severely handicapped subject's performance was capable of providing decision rules when teaching for a generalized outcome. Generalized compliance was trained and training data analyzed to determine how data trends across training examples compared with post‐program generalization. Results show that the greatest generalization effect occurrred when training data trends were steepest downwards. Discussion of the findings includes suggestions concerning future research to further define the parameters of decision rules necessary to teach for generalization.     

Phonemic and graphemic consistency: Effects on decoding for German and American children

Speed, accuracy, and types of errors in decoding lists of words and pseudo words and performance in two phonemic awareness tasks were assessed for German and American children in the first and second grades. German children were significantly better than American children only in pseudo word decoding measures across grades. Between group analyses showed that American children committed more vowel and word substitution errors in both decoding accuracy tasks than German children. Word substitution errors were more likely in word decoding than in pseudo word decoding for children in both languages. Within group analyses indicate that variance in decoding errors and speed accounted for by word substitution versus nonword and vowel versus consonant errors differed dependent on grade and whether real or pseudo words were read. Results suggest successful reading in English depends upon more complex grapheme to phoneme correspondence rules than does reading in German.     

Speaking versus typing: a case-study of the effects of using voice-recognition software on academic correspondence

This paper contributes to the discussion about the effects of new technology on writing by assessing whether or not an experienced writer's style of writing changes when a new technology is introduced. 14 typed word-processed letters from ES to JH were compared with 14 dictated word-processed letters from ES after he had changed to using a voice-recognition system (Dragon Naturally Speaking). The results showed that, although there were large differences between the methods and experience of writing with the two technologies, there were no significant differences between the average letter lengths, numbers of paragraphs written and number of sentences used in each group of letters. Nor were there any significant differences in terms of readability, or typographical and grammatical errors. However, the dictated letters did have significantly shorter sentences, significantly fewer particularly long sentences (ie, those containing more than 50 words), and used the first-person pronoun more frequently. The overall results thus indicate that using the voice-recognition software had only marginal effects upon the written products, despite the fact that it had a strong effect on ES's experience of the writing process.     

探索、归纳与推广

就一道全国中竞赛题，先探索其结果，再归纳其系数规律得出几个新的结论，从而将原题加以推广。     

Learning to read: Evidence on the distinction between decoding and comprehension skills

The paper focuses on the importance of distinguishing between decoding and comprehension skills in reading. This distinction can also be applied to the study of precursors of reading and of the first phases of reading acquisition. The reconsideration of a 15-year research program shows evidence and implications of such a dissociation. In particular, the paper reviews psychometric research concerning reading performance in first and second grade, research on precursors of reading, the effects of early programs devoted to develop reading abilities. Decoding and comprehension reading components appear at least partially separated, related to different underlying cognitive abilities, differently sensitive to enrichment programs.     

Beyond phonics: Integrated decoding and spelling instruction based on word origin and structure

In this paper, the relevance of word structure knowledge to decoding and spelling instruction is discussed. An explicit, discussion oriented, direct approach to teaching decoding and spelling based on word origin and structure results in improved reading and spelling. This instruction leads students to a comparison and contrast of letter-sound correspondences, syllable patterns, and morpheme patterns in English words of Anglo-Saxon, Romance, and Greek origin.