A Fragile Dialogue? Research and Primary Education Policy Formation in Bangladesh, 1971-2001

This paper considers the relationship between knowledge production and primary education policy making in Bangladesh. It investigates the form of discussions and dialogues that have taken place between policy makers and researchers and considers how these have shaped the nature of the evidence policy makers have used in different periods. The paper also attempts to assess the implications of the shifting forms of relationship between policy and knowledge production for strategies to introduce universal primary education and improve its quality. The paper itself is an example of some of the themes it examines. It has emerged out of discussions taking place in the research committee of the Bangladesh Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) and Primary and Mass Education Division (PMED). (See Figure 1.) This committee, established as part of the DFID funded ESTEEM project [1], brings together officials from DPE and PMED with education researchers from Bangladesh's universities and consultants appointed by ESTEEM. An aspect of the work of the research committee has been to consider what kinds of knowledge are useful in the implementation of policy. In summary we argue that, except for an early period after the War of Independence, there has been little open dialogue between researchers and policy makers in Bangladesh. Policy has been much more closely shaped by the changing forms and values of educational administration in central government and in large NGOs than by 'scientific' forms of research and knowledge production or by the debates these might provoke. Research and education policy development have been the preserve of elite groups closely connected to central government. Very little research has been undertaken independent of government or commissions from large NGOs. However, in different periods researchers have participated in policy formation in different ways and there are indications in the present period that the views of researchers and policy makers are beginning to diverge somewhat with some more critical commentary being published. We map the history of these changing forms of participation in order to reveal aspects of the context in which successive policies have been formed.     

国际组织终身学习理念阐释与政策发展

终身学习理念在国际组织中具有独特的地位,联合国教科文组织、世界经合组织、世界银行和欧盟都不同程度地成为终身学习理念发展的推动力量。随着20世纪70年代终身学习理念出现开始,国际组织对终身学习理念的理解也在不断加深和提升,终身学习的观念在国际组织中不断发生变化。由于国际组织对成员国具有一定的政策影响力,国际组织通过相关政策制定和推行等方式来实现终身学习理念以及政策目标。     

Learning Outcomes in Scandinavian Education through the Lens of Elliot Eisner

ABSTRACT

Discursively learning outcomes have been embedded within an education-policy context characterised by a shift from teaching to learning. In the dominant education policy discourse, learning outcomes have come to play an important role in education whose emphasis is more on product than process, which by its critics have been characterised as scientific management. Calls have been made to reconsider alternative interpretations of learning outcomes and a renewal of older perspectives on learning outcomes such as in Eisner’s works. The article examines the concept of learning outcomes, as interpreted in education policy, and discusses it within Eisner’s framing of teaching and learning. Analysing policy developments and the introduction of learning outcomes in two Scandinavian countries, we ask what is taken for granted in the interpretation of learning outcomes. The analysis contributes to a widened narrative on what education could be about by illuminating alternative ways of interpreting and conceptualising learning outcomes in education.     

教育政策模型的比较研究--政策主体和政策环境的视角

本文从政策系统要素出发,选取政策主体和政策环境两个视角,对国外具有代表性的几种教育政策模型进行了分类,探讨了政策主体视角的政策目标特征和政策主体所具备的条件,政策环境视角的教育政策输出和教育政策过程.     

基于PISA测试结果的教育政策调整分析

PISA测试结果是影响参加国或地区调整教育政策的重要因素之一。这些影响主要包括公众对教育质量的关注及其形成的舆论压力,表现优异的参加国或地区可借鉴的成功经验等。研究发现,基于PISA测试结果的教育政策调整类型主要有四种:政策深化型、政策变革型、政策调适型和政策效仿型。     

A typology for a social justice approach to assessment: learning from universal design and culturally sustaining pedagogy

This paper aims to provide a tentative roadmap for ensuring that higher education policy makers and practitioners are apprised of what might be done to advance a concept of socially just assessment praxis. It extends current thinking around the notion of social justice approaches to assessment by further developing the conceptual framework proposed in McArthur's recent work (2016). It does so by extending understandings of how a socially just perspective might be realised. Drawing upon recent conceptual developments within both Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy (CSP), the paper proposes a typology for praxis and organisational change. Crucially, this typology focuses upon enhancing learning outcomes for all learners, but it is particularly concerned with enhancing educational experiences and learning outcomes for students that have been systematically marginalised by the normative procedural practices that have traditionally informed the nature of supposedly objective assessment.     

英国成人学习政策框架与实施效果

作为终身学习体系的重要组成部分,成人教育逐渐成为许多国家教育和人力资源政策的主流部分之一,特别是进入21世纪以来许多国家成人教育政策发展呈现新的动态。英国成人学习政策不断进行探索与变革,在政策体系、管理部门、财政支持和质量保障方面形成了自身的特色,并取得良好的效果。     

Researching the Implementation of Educational Policy: A backward mapping approach

Misjudging the ease of policy implementation is recognised as one of the most common planning mistakes. If implementation is not planned and structured, effective management of change may give way to ad hoc adjustments and short-term strategies for coping, with a subsequent dilution of policy efficiency. Developing countries can ill afford the wasted resources that result, but little research attention has been directed at providing information about implementation processes that policy makers can draw on. This article discusses a model of 'backward mapping' that was applied in India, and generated a variety of useful insights which have contributed to learning for policy. In contexts where comparatively little is known about the implementation process, the use of such models to generate this kind of learning can improve our understandings of the 'black box' of implementation, and open up new options for policy strategies to achieve policy goals.     

高职院校兼职教师政策的变迁

兼职教师是高职院校师资队伍的有机组成部分,是支撑高职院校健康发展的重要力量。对高职院校兼职教师相关政策文本分析发现,关于兼职教师的政策以及政策关注重点处在不断变化之中,政策重心经历了从概念提出、数量规约、关注质量到质量全面提升的过程,政策变迁也可相应地划分为四个阶段。基于政策分析,结合当前的职业教育改革背景与发展战略,对如何进一步提升兼职教师队伍建设质量提出了具体改革建议。     

Lifelong learning policy in two national contexts

This article describes and discusses the development of lifelong learning policy in two EU member states, Denmark and Portugal. The purpose is to show how different societal and historical contexts shape the development and implementation of lifelong learning policies, even though these policies have significant common elements. As a basis for the discussion an inventory of policy elements is presented. Denmark and Portugal have been chosen as examples of smaller EU member states with different historical, social and cultural characteristics. Developments and policies in the two countries, including the links with EU education policy, are described. The discussion includes comparison drawing on the inventory of policy elements. A main conclusion is that the different historical trajectories of the two countries remain very important for present-day education and for the advancement of lifelong learning policy. Early development of public primary education and popular adult education has provided a strong foundation for lifelong learning policy in Denmark while in Portugal not only institutional provision but also popular demand for lifelong learning has had to be built up relatively recently. EU education policy has had much more impact on lifelong learning policy in Portugal than in Denmark, because Portugal has had to depend much more on economic support from the EU social fund.     

Critical Considerations for Physical Literacy Policy in Public Health,Recreation, Sport,and Education Agencies

The International Charter for Physical Education, Physical Activity, and Sport clearly states that vested agencies must participate in creating a strategic vision and identify policy options and priorities that enable the fundamental right for all people to participate in meaningful physical activity across their life course. Physical literacy is a rapidly evolving concept being used in policy making, but it has been limited by pre-existing and sometimes biased interpretations of the construct. The aim of this article is to present a new model of physical literacy policy considerations for key decision makers in the fields of public health, recreation, sport, and education. Internationally debated definitions of physical literacy and the wider construct of literacy were reviewed in order to establish common pillars of physical literacy in an applicable policy model. This model strives to be consistent with international understandings of what “physical literacy” is, and how it can be used to achieve established and developing public health, recreation, sport, and educative goals.     

Research and policy in lifelong learning

It has long been acknowledged that adult and lifelong educators have exercised little influence over national education policies. This article addresses the issue, with particular reference to the research elements of policy advocacy. Researchers and policy‐makers are distinguished and related as communities of practice and intellectual categories of social function. It is argued that the concept ‘policy‐maker’ is too ambiguous to be of either theoretical or practical use, especially since the focus has shifted over the years away from the advocacy of adult education to the implementation of lifelong learning. Also, the concepts of both ‘policy’ and ‘research’ have undergone significant shifts of meaning, so that traditional ideas of the relation between research and policy are now outdated. We live in an age of public scepticism about the political uses to which research is put, and this also needs to be taken into account in the case of lifelong learning. Thus, the relation between research and the policy process needs to be reconceptualised in a future beyond lifelong learning in order to be meaningful, with the focus much more upon process than outcome. Only in this way could adult and lifelong educators expect to have any influence upon national policies.     

全球成人教育政策的现实图景与实践走向

巴西贝伦召开的第六届国际成人教育大会形成两项重要成果：《贝伦行动框架》和《成人学习和教育全球报告》。这次大会展现了当前国际成人教育政策的现实图景——洲际差异的区域现状,居于国家政策边缘地位,实现参与平等的现实挑战,走向善治的治理策略。近年来,英国、加拿大、丹麦、西班牙、瑞士等OECD成员国在成人教育政策发展上扮演着标杆角色,引领着成人教育政策的实践走向。在20世纪,成人教育政策更多地成为＂社会控制的工具＂,忽视了个体发展的目标。而现在的成人教育政策价值取向,则需要个人价值与社会价值的包容。目前全球成人教育实践呈现多元化发展特征,这就需要成人教育政策必须是动态化的延续发展,如果偏离了这一状态,其政策就会出现片面性和短期性的失衡。成人教育政策的设计与执行,实际上是多方利益博弈的过程,许多国家缺少对成人教育政策的整体处理方式,因此制定相关政策特别应注重不同部门的整合性合作,提高资源与政策的运行效力。成人教育质量保障的政策评估主体,开始突破单一的官方评估模式,实现了官方与非官方共同评估的态势,实现了定量与定性相结合的评估方法。全球成人教育政策的实践走向,拓展了我国成人教育政策实践的空间。     

早期学习与儿童幸福感国际研究项目概况及对我国学前教育评价的启示

早期学习与幸福感研究是21世纪以来教育领域的热点话题。介绍OECD早期学习与儿童幸福感国际研究项目(International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study,IELS)的基本情况,着重阐述IELS项目的测评框架、评估方法及在美国的应用效果,以此探寻促进我国本土化早期教育发展的可行性路径。IELS对我国学前教育评价的启示有:1)强调整体性的早期儿童发展观;2)开发全国统一的学前儿童发展监测框架;3)重视以真实生活情境为基础的评价工具的研发;4)关注家庭和家校沟通在儿童早期经历中的重要作用。     

Government Policy and School Development

The last 10 or 15 years of this century have been a time of great challenge as well as considerable excitement for educational systems around the world. Governments everywhere have been embarking on substantial programmes of reform in an attempt to develop more effective school systems and raise levels of student learning and achievement. We see in these policy initiatives an unfortunate paradox that inhibits them from realising their aspirations. The community of educational change researchers and practitioners has finally begun to learn something about how ongoing improvement can be fostered and sustained in schools. However, government policy on education has not taken adequate account of this knowledge about school development, with the result that an enormous potential source of synergy has been lost and student learning continues to lag behind its potential. Our argument in this article is that as a consequence of this gap government efforts to improve schooling are less effective than they might be and that many school improvement efforts have to swim against the current of government regulation. Following our analysis of this central irony in educational policy, we go on to outline an approach that would be more likely to help governments achieve their educational objectives by building policy initiatives more explicitly on the knowledge base of school development.     

地方教育政策的转移与创新

随着全球化及中国教育改革发展向更高层次推进,不同地方将面临更多相似的教育政策问题与政策环境,地方政府间的教育政策转移、扩散与学习现象日益普遍。通过地方教育制度政策转移及创新来带动全国教育改革的深化,对有效贯彻实施《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》具有十分重要的现实意义。积极推进我国教育的地方治理,促进地方教育政策区域扩散,加强教育政策转移过程的研究,是新时期我国地方教育政策转移与政策创新的现实路径。     

基于政策文本的继续教育及相关术语演变解析

在新时代发展背景下,继续教育实践领域不断发展,研究范畴不断扩大,继续教育的概念也在不断深化和拓展。在党和国家发布的一系列政策文本中,继续教育已成为提升国家核心竞争力、建设创新型国家、构建学习型社会重大发展战略。从继续教育的概念出发,以政策文本为线索,追溯我国继续教育概念的演变,梳理其发展脉络,为探寻新时代继续教育的发展定位提供有益的思考。从实践内容上看,继续教育与成人教育既是我国教育实践上不同历史阶段教育体系构成的不同表述,也是二者随时代发展而不断吸纳和融合多种教育思潮后的产物。终身教育、终身学习和构建学习型社会等多种理论思潮的融入,赋予继续教育不断深化和拓展的动态发展特征。     

我国义务教育学校绩效工资政策的价值分析

义务教育学校绩效工资政策制定中,必然伴随着多个主体的不同价值问题。作为政策的制定主体,中央及地方各级政府在政策中会有一定的价值选择,这种价值选择如果得到政策执行主体（地方政府和基层学校）和目标群体（广大的一线教职员工）的认同,则其政策的合法性就高,政策实施的效果就好。其次,政策在执行的过程中,会遇到执行主体和目标群体间的价值冲突问题,如何平衡好这些价值冲突,也是政策有效实施的关键。     

高等教育政策的特征分析

高等教育政策既有一般公共政策的共性,更有自身独有的特性。拉迪斯拉夫·塞里奇认为高等教育政策具有目标的含糊性与冲突性、执行的复杂性与缓慢性,以及环境变化的多重效应等特征。塞里奇的高等教育政策观,对我们揭示高等教育政策的本质与规律,以及提升高等教育政策制定的质量和执行的效益无疑都具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。     

Action Research and Policy

This article examines the relationship between action research and policy and the kind of confidence teachers, policy makers and other potential users may have in such research. Many published teacher action research accounts are criticised on the grounds that they do not fully meet the conventional standards for reporting social scientific research, and by implication are held to be less trustworthy. Action research is nevertheless often seen by some academics and policy makers as a potential method for developing theory, disseminating good practice, or raising standards. Through a discussion of three major approaches to action research—seen variously as professional learning, practical philosophy and critical social science—it is argued that judgements about confidence depend upon understanding the various kinds of knowledge claim that can be made by action researchers, and appropriate judgements concerning the strength of evidence or reasons.