L'INVENTION DE LA PRISON MODERNE

Since M. Foucault's book “Surveiller et punir” (Paris, 1975) the recent works published in the Anglo‐Saxon countries by M. Ignatieff, “A Just Measure of Pain: the Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution” (New York, 1978), in the Netherlands by P. Spierenburg, “The Emergence of Carceral Institutions: Prisons, Galleys and Lunatic Asylums. 1500‐1900” (Rotterdam, 1984) and in France by J. Petit, “Ces peines obscures. La prison pénale en France. 1780–1875” (Paris, 1990) allow to tackle once again the problem of imprisonment which opposes the theories on criminal law and the realities of penitentiary practices, by reconciling the history of ideas with that of social facts and institutions.

The Belgian model–little studied and relatively unknown–is worth being examined not only in the light of the discussions on the penal system reform in Europe at the end of the 18th century, but also in relationship with the specific traditions in the Spanish Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries and the Austrian Netherlands in the 18th century.

The control over poverty and the repression of vagrancy during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries are at the core of the debate on imprisonment. The struggle against vagrancy initiated since the edicts of Charles the Fifth in 1515, led to a hesitation during three centuries between taking measures of assistance or measures of repression (B. Geremek, “La potence ou la pitié” (Paris, 1987)). This issue discloses two trends which are at the same time opposing and complementary: the social import (assistance: hospital) and the penal import (repression: the gallows). Between these two models there is a third one: the workhouse (tuchthuis, spinnenhuis) which became widely common in the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century (Amsterdam, 1596; Antwerp, 1613; Brussels, 1623; Ghent, 1627). But as long as the penal system was closely linked to the idea of corporal punishment, imprisonment remained an administrative measure without judicial intervention.

The Belgian invention of the modern prison system consisted precisely of the combination of the two models proposed by Vilain XIIII, an economist, in Gent in 1771 (Mémoire sur la manière de corriger les malfaiteurs et les fainéants pour les rendre utiles à eux‐mêmes et à l'Etat) and by Goswin de Fierlant, a jurist, in Brussels during that same year (Mémoire sur les insuffisances et inconvénients des châtiments corporels et les avantages qu'il y aurait à les remplacer par des maisons de force). The modern prisons of Ghent (1775) and Vilvorde (1779) sprang from the combination of the economic model (the workhouse) and the penal model (the prison for the punishment of convicts). This new modern prison was vaunted by the English philanthropist Howard in 1778 and 1781, and used as a model by the French authorities when during the Empire (1801‐1803) the large central prisons were established.     

I think I can,I think I can: Expanding book experiences

A favorite book of Julia, age three, wasThe Little Engine That Could. When her teacher asked her if she could eat nicely with the class next door, she replied, I think I can, I think I can. As Jenny tramped across a bridge on a bike, she called to her mom, Hey, mom, trip trap trip trap; I hope there's no ugly troll down there. One of her favorite bedtime stories at age four was The Three Billy Goats Gruff.Sharen Halsall is an Assistant Professor in Child Development at Santa Fe Community College, Gainesville, FL. Connie Green is an Associate Professor in Curriculum and Instruction at Appalachian State University, Boone, NC.     

我思故我在——浅析创作者思维在纪录片中的表达

纪录片是“用影片叙述非虚构的故事”,强调的是对客观事实的纪录。对客观事实的纪录是创作者思维的结果,只有用心思考的纪录片才能唤起观众的呼应和共鸣,创作者的思维是无形的手,决定着片子的深度和方向。纪录片创作者的主观意图的表达究竟在片子创作过程当中处于什么样的地位,创作者究竟应该持有一个什么样的思维尺度,才能在表达创作意图的同时无损于纪录片真实的生命,并且能同时得到观众的认可。     

I Believe I Can Fly

在OICQ上我叫“蒙娜丽莎”,那是一个拥有不朽笑容的女人。在生活中我叫三木,那是一个毫不起眼的平凡的小丫头。 在OICQ上蒙娜丽莎千娇百媚,谈笑自若,顾盼生辉。在生活中三木一切平平,普通得就像众多破折号中的一个,有时一天从早笑到晚,却不知到底在笑些什么。 我不知道哪个才是真正的自己。在OICQ上和生活中我都爱听音乐,英文歌尤甚。R·Kelly有首《IBe-liveve I Can Fly》,是1998年葛莱美获奖金曲之一。很简单的MTV,却有种特别     

我记得，我记得

我记得．我记得我常去荡秋千的地方．心想那扑向飞翔着的燕子的清风．毕竟是同样的令人心旷神恰;我的心啊．那时犹如插翅飞翔,现在却沉重无比．即使夏日的水潭也难以消退我额头上的高热!     

I Believe I Can Fly

在OICQ上我叫蒙娜丽莎,那是一个拥有不朽笑容的女人。在生活中我叫三木,那是一个毫不起眼的平凡的丫头。在OICQ上蒙娜丽莎千娇百媚,谈笑自若,顾盼生辉。在生活中三木一切平平,普通得就像众多破折号中的一个,有时一天从早笑到晚,却不知到底在笑些什么。     

Wherever I look,I find

The best source of infant learning toys is the trash can. A noted authority on infancy made this statement...me. Many commercially made toys and learning materials are available. Some of them were developed out of a firm knowledge of developmental tasks of infancy and with aesthetic sensitivity. Unfortunately they cost, and many of us who have our own infants or work in day care do not have resources for a lot of commercial materials.Mr. Altham taught infants and toddlers while studying at Bank Street College. After teaching in a Head Start program for four years, he moved to his current job as teacher/director of a college campus child care center.     

我并非明星(英文)

米莎·巴顿的身上有种混合的气质:既有英国式的优雅、冷漠与高贵,又兼备美国式的随意、热情与亲切。让Mischa跨入明星行列的作品是FOX电视网的青春偶像剧"TheO.C"(《橘子郡男孩》)。这部偶像剧在美国播出首季就成为34岁以下组的收视冠军,美国总统布什的孪生女儿都是每集不落的铁杆观众。本期"明星面对面",我们带您走进这位欧西美女。     

我只是幸运一点而已

Rachel Bilson. Gorgeous. Stylish. Rich. And we still like her. Werid...好莱坞新贵瑞切尔·贝尔森 2003 年凭借《橘子郡男孩》成为一颗耀眼的明星,两年后又跻身于"世界最性感的百名美女"行列,并于同年获得"世界最美十大女星"中"最漂亮眼睛"的殊荣。她的大眼睛有一种催眠的魔力,不管是否化眼妆,那甜美而充满童真的眼神都极具杀伤力。     

我梦到自己采访上帝

那么你真的要采访我吗?"上帝问道。"假如您有时间的话。"我说。上帝笑了:"我的时间是永恒的,……那么你有什么问题要问我呢?     

我爱足球我爱世界杯

教学内容:小学语文第二册《我是足球》激情足球赛5月的天空多么晴朗,5月的花儿竞相开放。在激情洋溢的绚烂5月,2002年的韩日世界杯足球赛日益临近,5月下旬的一节语文课,我准备上第17课《我是足球》。为了激起学生的兴趣,我在学校体育组借了一个足球,故意挑了一个较新较漂亮的,与书本上的足球图案一样。我想,这么漂亮的足球,孩子们一定会喜欢的。果然不出我所料,当我拿着课本,托着足球出现在教室里时,孩子们一片哗然:“哗,足球!”“足球!”孩子们的眼睛都亮了,“老师要上17课了。”“老师,我们想去踢足球。”教室里全是孩子们欢欣的叫嚷声…     

I Spy

请你根据提示找出以下几样物品——房子和小猴,磁铁和老鼠,一个南瓜,两面旗,五个4要数清楚。     

I Hope

<正>I hope the sky is blue forever.I love the white clouds.I want to give my parents warm hugs.In my eyes,my parents like white clouds.When I see white clouds in the sky,I recall my parents’smile.They used to tell me to study hard because it’s good for me in the future.When I met with the hardship,they encouraged me and     

我相信

闷热的风又一次吹来,操场边的几株法国梧桐树也像是患了什么病似的,叶子蜷缩地打起卷,失去了生气。"嘟……"一声哨响打破了沉寂。"我们这节课的训练内容是1500米跑,各小组就位。"体育老师的话简短而有力量,但这个时候听起来却像是催命的"无常"。跑道上的我,汗从头发里不断地涌出,顺着颈流下,湿透了校服;腿变得越来越不听使唤,仿佛