中美高校德育途径比较研究

德育是高等教育的一个非常重要的方面。中美两国由于社会制度、文化历史状况的不同,在高校德育目标的设置及其实现途径的选择上有相异之处。但由于德育是人类最基本的教育活动,再加之中美两国今天所处的时代背景比较相似,这促使中美两国德育途径又具有一定的相似性。考察中美两国德育途径的异同,有助于我国以“美”为鉴,更好地开展高校德育工作。     

Child Welfare,Education, Inequality,and Social Policy in Comparative Perspective

Using international data on child well-being and educational attainment, this article compares child well-being in the United States to member countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Multiple measures of child well-being are analyzed, such as material well-being (including poverty, unemployment, and income inequality), child health and safety (birth weight, infant mortality, health care, and childcare), educational attainment, and family and peer relationships (including generational cleavages). Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory as an organizational framework, the impact and interrelatedness of these systems on educational attainment are examined, with parallels drawn between a nation's social policies, child well-being, and educational attainment. The author asserts that social policy in the United States is more comprehensive than is commonly believed, although the redistributive benefits of social policies are allocated much differently compared to OECD countries. Explanations for comparative differences in social policy include differences in political culture and political development as well as racial and class conflict. The author concludes that it is difficult to ignore the role of race and socioeconomic class in explaining differences in social welfare expenditures between the United States and European countries because the pattern of social welfare distribution (broadly conceived—including programs, tax breaks, and incentives) falls largely along racial and class lines.     

Cross‐national Comparisons in the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP): The USA,Norway and China

This article provides a cross‐national perspective on successful school principalship in three countries derived from an analysis of case studies in the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP). The ISSPP aims to investigate the characteristics, processes and effects of successful school leadership across eight countries (i.e. Australia, Canada, England, the United States, China, Denmark, Sweden and Norway). Examples from the USA, Norway and China (Shanghai) were selected to illustrate cross‐national differences related to the societal purposes of education, the structure and funding of different national educational systems and the influence of particular governmental educational policies (i.e. accountability‐oriented policies) on the leadership practices of individual school principals. Variations in selection criteria and research procedures were also noted. Recommendations for further research using a cultural framework include analysing multiethnic schools to identify culturally specific leadership practices as well as developing further ISSPP case studies in non‐Western contexts.     

Institutionelle Dimensionen inklusiver Schulbildung – Herausforderungen der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention für Deutschland,Island und Schweden im Vergleich

The human rights-based orientation embedded in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which mandates inclusive education for all students and counts segregation as discrimination, poses fundamental challenges to institutionalized (special) education systems. However, it does so to different extents, with the Nordic countries having the most inclusive systems worldwide. This analysis contrasts the challenges and opportunities regarding the institutional transformation of special education and inclusive education in Germany, Iceland and Sweden. We address the questions: How do these countries provide educational supports for students considered to have special educational needs? What perspectives can be derived for the implementation of inclusive education, especially for Germany, which is still among the most segregated systems in Europe, from such comparative analysis? The study reveals key differences in three institutional dimensions that hinder or enable inclusive education ? educational ideals and disability paradigms, organizational forms, and regulations.     

Does integration count for much? An analysis of the practices of integration in eight countries

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the state of the art of integration in eight western countries: Italy, Denmark, Sweden, United States, Germany, England, Belgium and the Netherlands. Both qualitative and quantitative information on integration practices is given, and from these findings general conclusions on similarities and differences in integration efforts and results are discussed. The differences in the incidence of special needs students in eight countries are mainly to be explained by the differences in registration procedures to enter special facilities in regular or special education. Despite these differences it seems that in all countries involved at least 1.5 per cent of all students is difficult to integrate in regular education settings.     

Counseling in Costa Rica: A Comparative Study

With one of the world’s most comprehensive universal healthcare systems, medical tourism in Costa Rica has increased significantly over the past few decades. American tourists save up to 80 % of comparative costs for procedures, from heart surgery to root canal treatment. Although many Costa Rican healthcare professionals receive training in North America or Europe, there can be differences when compared to the same professionals in foreign countries. This paper examines the educational and role differences between counselors in the United States and Costa Rica. Implications for tourists in need of psychotherapeutic services while abroad or counseling professionals seeking foreign work experiences are discussed.     

Tiered intervention: history and trends in Finland and the United States

This study explores the similarities and differences of relatively newly established tiered intervention models for the support of students with special needs in the United States (response to intervention) and in Finland (learning and schooling support). The current models in both countries consist of several tiers with fairly similar definitions. Despite the similarities, the history and political meaning of the tiered models are different in these countries. However, in both countries, part of the underlying political expectation is that the change to tiered intervention will promote inclusive education, but also diminish the number of special education students, and at the same time decrease the rising costs of special education funding. It is evident that there have been educational as well as political and financial objectives behind the restructuring in both countries. We conclude with a discussion on policy implications.     

Reflections on the prospects of the evolution of the structure of education systems

In 1965, Raymond Poignant published in Paris, on the initiative of the European Institute of University Studies, a work entitledEnseignement dans les Pays du Marché Commun. This work, which was subsequently translated and published in English and German has become a classic of its kind. The initial idea was to compare the structures and relative degrees of development of the educational systems in the European Economic Community (EEC) countries, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R., in order to see how school and university systems in the EEC countries were adapting to the most pressing human, social, democratic and economic requirements of the modern world. This idea originated in the apprehension that, because of the strength of their long educational traditions, the EEC countries might find it more difficult than others to make the necessary adjustments. The conclusions of this initial work in many respects confirmed this apprehension and contributed, at the time, to the development taking place in European educational systems.Under an agreement between IIEP and the European Cultural Foundation, Raymond Poignant is to publish a new work entitledL'Enseignement dans les Pays Industrialisés (Education in the Industrialized Countries), which to some extent carries on from the first but is motivated by other preoccupations.In this second work, which is set in the general context of the studies undertaken by the European Cultural Foundation on European education in the year 2000, the point is not so much to emphasize the quantitative and qualitative differences still encountered in the educational systems of the eleven countries under consideration—Japan and Sweden having been added to the original sample—as to show up some of the most characteristic trends common to their development during the last two decades or the trends of development in the most advanced countries, trends which, by the year 2000, a date so distant and yet so close at hand, may or should develop more rapidly or indeed become general.The author takes the changes noted since 1950 in the eleven countries considered, which he sees as being of some indicative value for the future, and outlines, in conclusion, the directions in which he feels they should continue in the three decades between now and the year 2000. He points out the forces of resistance of every kind which, in the short term, slow down the transformation of educational structures in the various European countries. He also emphasizes the decisive influence which the trend towards a levelling-out in the attitudes of different social groups towards secondary and higher education is likely to have on the dynamics of the development of European educational systems, of which he describes both the uncertainties and the most likely prospects.The European Cultural Foundation and the Nijhoff Publishing House have kindly given their permission for publication in the reviewProspects of a long extract from the conclusions of this work, which concerns future changes in the structure of European educational systems.Maître des requêtesin the Conseil d'État. Rapporteur of the Commission for Educational Planning for the Third and then the Fourth Plan in France (1957–61; 1962–65). Main publications: Education and Development in Western Europe, the United States and the U.S.S.R. (1969); Les Plans de Développement et la Planification Économique et Sociale (1967); Educational planning in the U.S.S.R. (co-author; 1968).     

美国在菲律宾的殖民统治政策分析

美西战争后,美国对菲律宾殖民统治达48年左右的时间。由于美国特殊的国家历史和菲律宾不同于其他东南亚殖民地国家的状况,美国在菲律宾实行了政治复制、经济垄断、文化移植等不同于其他宗主国的殖民统治政策。无论美国在菲律宾实行的是什么样的统治政策,其殖民主义的目的和其他的帝国主义国家是一样的,这些政策给殖民地国家发展带来了很大的影响。     

Searching for a dialectic synthesis: reflections on Paik's study

In this chapter, Professor Weldon attempts to find a “common ground” between the two very different educational systems, South Korea and the United States. He re-examines Paik's analysis in terms of the history, culture, and educational systems of the two countries. He concludes the chapter by raising a series of questions to stimulate further research.     

美国成人高等教育学生学费资助制度及其启示

美国是高等教育十分发达的国家,已经建立起较为完备的学生助学贷款制度,并且贷款额度大、贷款形式多样化、贷款对象多元化,不仅向成人高等教育学生开放,而且对在职就读的成人高等教育学生给予更大的优惠。我国的助学贷款制度尚未向成人高等教育学生开放,借鉴美国助学贷款制度的成功经验,探讨我国成人高等教育学生学费资助方式与途径,对于拓展我国成人高等教育经费来源,促进成人高等教育持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

中泰两国教育技术学硕士培养个案比较分析

云南比邻东盟十国,泰国无论是基础教育,还是高等教育泰国都有较完备的体系并处于东盟十国的先进行列。由于特殊的地理及历史渊源,云南与泰国有着密切的人员交往和学术交流。因此,在国际学术交流方面,云南首先关注的是泰国,而不是美国、欧洲或其他发达国家。通过个案比较了中国某重点大学与泰国东方大学教育技术学硕士研究生培养方案的异同,旨在借鉴泰国有益经验,相互学习,以加深两国友谊。     

Diagnosis,Treatment, and Educational Implications for Students With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States,Australia, and the United Kingdom

For many years there has been debate over Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and whether this condition, which commonly afflicts adolescent children, is a medical or social condition and whether it is exclusively an American phenomenon. This article reviews the basis of ADHD's definition, diagnosis, treatment, and educational implications across three countries: the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The differences in approach have clear and significant consequences for children and their futures.     

Violence towards children in the United States and Sweden

This paper reports the results of a cross-cultural comparison of violence towards children in the United States and Sweden. Data from the United States are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,146 households with at least one child between the ages of 3 and 17 years living at home. Data from Sweden are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 1,168 households with a child 3 to 17 years of age at home. Violence and abuse were measured using the Conflict Tactics Scales. In general, Swedish parents reported using less violence than did parents in the United States. There was no significant difference between the two countries in the rate of reported severe or abusive violence. The paper compares factors found associated with violence towards children in the two countries, including age, marital status, education, and parents' background. The results are analyzed by considering methodological and cultural factors that explain the similarities and differences in the use of violence towards children in the two countries.     

Supporting Pupils in Finnish and Swedish Schools—Teachers’ Views

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the different support systems used by teachers in compulsory education. Class and subject teachers and special educators from Finland (N?=?57) and Sweden (N?=?57) participated in the study, in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Participants completed an electronic questionnaire to identify the supports and methods they use when working with pupils who have special educational needs. The findings indicate both similarities and differences between the two countries. One of the most common forms of support was individualisation, including pedagogical modifications. Methods of supporting academic skills such as reading differed from those used to support behavioral issues. Positive pedagogy and structuring the environment were used ways of supporting pupils with behavioral challenges. Results for both countries are compared and support needs are discussed.     

Economic growth and the international trade in educational reform

Summary The decline in foreign assistance for eduacation can be considered a tragedy. On the other hand, the elevation of education in domestic debate and the increase in trade of professional ideas on educational reform might be considered a benefit. The adjustment to these new functions on the part of development assistance agencies and international agencies familiar with the traditional rationales for educational investment will be difficult, however, in the end, their successful adjustment will be good for the field of education. Original language: English Stephen P. Heyneman (United States of America) Lead Education Specialist serving countries in the Europe and Central Asia region of the World Bank. After teaching and research in Africa, he completed a doctorate degree at the University of Chicago. He has been president of the Comparative and International Education Society, a member of the board on International Comparative Studies in Education of the United States National Academy of Sciences, and a lecturer at American University and the University of Maryland. On behalf of the World Bank, he has advised senior educational officials in many different countries and other international institutions on educational programmes.     

Sign language interpreter training, testing, and accreditation: an international comparison

The article explores sign language interpreter training, testing, and accreditation in three major English-speaking countries, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by providing an overview of the training and assessment of sign language interpreters in each country. The article highlights the reasons these countries can be considered leaders in the profession and compares similarities and differences among them. Key similarities include the provision of university interpreter training, approval for training courses, license "maintenance" systems, and educational interpreting guidelines. Differences are noted in relation to training prerequisites, types and levels of accreditation, administration of the testing system, and accreditation of deaf interpreters. The article concludes with predictions about future developments related to the establishment of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters and the development of sign language interpreting research as a research discipline.     

Problems of West German Universities on the Way to Mass Higher Education

The preliminary conference theme "Quality versus Equality: A Problem for Higher Education?" came to me as a big surprise: in many European countries, those evaluating lines of future development in higher education and looking for new problem-solving possibilities have grown used to giving special attention to those countries in which the expansion of higher education is already very advanced. Why, then, does one in the United States scrutinize the European countries, where the share of university students in the corresponding age group is smaller? Is it due to a felt need for information unrelated to one's own situation? Does one wish to document that the other countries are gradually encountering the same problems that one already has? Or does one perhaps expect that the European countries - either on the basis of their particular traditions in higher education and society, or as "developing countries" of educational expansion that are attempting to avoid the difficulties of their predecessors - offer special solutions worthy of consideration in the United States, too?     

美国、日本、中国大陆地区融合教育的比较与思考

随着特殊教育事业的不断发展 ,世界各国都在推行融合教育。本文比较了美国、日本和中国大陆地区在融合教育的对象、模式、教学准备、师资培养和培训以及其它方面的异同点 ,可以看到 ,我们在一些方面的工作还有待深化 ,为此可借鉴日本和美国的经验、做法 ,把工作做得更好     

Achieving quality and equity through inclusive education in an era of high-stakes testing

While great progress has been made by the international community to promote inclusive education for all children, regardless of race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender or disability, many countries still continue to marginalize and exclude students in educational systems across the globe. High-stakes assessments in market-driven economies have increased exclusionary practices. Using international databases and research studies, this paper provides evidence of the poor performance of high-stakes assessment policies, particularly in the United States. The authors analyse and compare the key assumptions and consequences of a market-based system of education with those of a system that is based upon the principles of inclusive education through a school-community model and examples from Europe and Latin America. These models demonstrate that the twin goals of quality and equity can be achieved within a system that addresses educational policy and practices more broadly than market-based reforms. Conclusions call for policy-makers to respond to the discrimination and exclusion of various populations around the world by considering the impact of current educational models and the potential they have to support genuinely inclusive education for everyone.