Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Its Relevance to Education

Isaksson, A. 1979. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and Its Relevance to Education. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 23, 47‐63. The main assumptions and categories of Kohlberg's theory of moral development are succinctly outlined. New empirical studies and critical reviews are discussed, and their implications for the theory assessed. It is concluded that the theory is correct in its basic assumption of viewing moral development as a sequential progression towards more complex structural wholes that can be conceptualized as levels or stages. Empirical evidence is found to lend greater support to the identity of three sequential structural levels than to six distinct stages. Kohlberg's and his associates’ approach to moral education is briefly described. The relevance of the theory to moral education is seen as self‐evident. The conditions for the efficacy of moral educational programmes are discussed. The general conclusion of the article is that Kohlberg's approach has proven its basic theoretical and heuristic value. The theoretical framework favoured by the author is cognitive‐developmental.     

柯尔伯格道德认知理论再思考

从柯尔伯格道德认知理论的表现形态和理论基础出发,对其进行和评价,明确了其对学校道德教育的启示,即坚持内容灌输和能力培养相结合,坚持理性因素和非理性因素相结合,坚持道德认知发展和道德习惯养成相结合。     

Kohlberg's Theory Applied to the Moral and Sexual Development of Adults 1

Abstract

Previous research has shown that children and adolescents can progress in the stages of moral judgment. However, in the case of adults, Kohlberg (1973) suggested there might be crystallization after the age of 25.

The purpose of this study was to establish whether the structure of moral judgment of adults could be systematically encouraged toward change. Thirty‐six adults (three groups) enrolled in an adult sexology course were assessed to determine stage level at the beginning of the course, and post‐tested at the completion of the course. Four dilemmas were used: two for general moral judgment, and two for sexual moral judgment. During the 45‐hour course, subjects were systematically introduced to arguments of a higher stage, and discussions focused on the axiological aspects of the adults’ sexual life.

Results show that there was a significant increase in the scores at the post‐test, both in general and in sexual moral judgments; subjects over 25 also increased their scores, thus indicating that the structure of moral judgment is not crystallized after that age. The existence of a differential between general and sexual moral judgments was also corroborated.

Implications with regard to the use of the ‘+1 stage’ technique for adult education, and more particularly for adult sexual education, are discussed.

     

柯尔伯格的公正道德教育观

在西方道德教育史上,苏格拉底最先将公正引入道德教育领域,于是公正问题逐渐成为道德教育的核心话题,而柯尔伯格则将公正在道德教育中的作用提升至无以复加的地步。公正是道德教育的总纲和最终目标,并贯穿于道德发展过程的始终;在道德教育理念上,公正的学生观和教师观是柯尔伯格的一大创新;在道德教育方法上,新苏格拉底法和新柏拉图法是柯尔伯格公正观念在实践中的有益探索。     

略论现代高师德育的内容和形式

新形势下的高师德育要加强对学生进行科学道德、生态道德、经济道德、信息道德等诸方面的教育，培养学生符合新时代要求的良好的道德素质和心理品质，立足国内，放眼国际；要重视课堂教育，采用现代模式和科技手段，结合社会实践，以教师自身模范作用影响1、教育学生，塑造一代具有现代道德的新型教师。     

A Comparison of Piaget's and Kohlberg's Theories and Tests for Moral Judgment

Abstract:R?rvik, H. 1980. A Comparison of Piaget's and Kohlberg's Theories and Tests for Moral Judgment. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 25,99‐124. Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories for moral judgment are compared. On the basis of this comparison, hypotheses are formulated regarding expected relationships between the tests constructed on the basis of the two theories. The empirical testing of these hypotheses indicates that there are marked similarities between Piaget's and Kohlberg's tests as to characteristics measured, power of discrimination between age levels, and in the stage placement of subjects.

The main differences between the tests seem to be that Piaget's test is most influenced by the personal relationship to other persons. Contrary to the impression given by the theorist himself, Kohlberg's test seems to a larger extent to measure the subjects’ norms and emotional reactions connected to inter‐nalization of norms. Moral behavior is more closely related to Kohlberg's measure.     

道德认知发展理论对我国德育改革的启示

科尔伯格的道德认知发展理论推动了学校德育从传统模式向现代的转型,对扭转西方社会剧变的思想混乱和德育危机产生了重要作用。在当代的教育改革中,我国的德育在目标、模式、内容、途径等方面受到了前所未有的挑战,科尔伯格的道德认知发展理论给我国德育改革以有益的启示。     

道德认知发展理论对我国学校道德教育的启示

人类迈进21世纪特别要重视和大力推进道德教育。我们应主动借鉴吸收中外已有道德教育理论的精髓,不断强化学校道德教育,努力提高全体学生的道德素质。以科尔伯格为代表的西方道德认知发展理论,对我国现阶段学校道德教育的建设和发展,富有启示意义。     

评道德认知发展理论的道德教育观

科尔伯格道德认知发展理论的精髓是他对道德认知发展提出的三水平六阶段的划分和道德教育的设想，该理论强调道德教育要遵循学生的身心发展特点，要重视培养学生理性和独立的道德判断能力，这些都对我国学校德育改革有重要的启示意义。     

论我国德育理论和实践的发展

我国德育理论和实践发展的成果,具体表现在:德育指导理论的创新,提出许多新的德育思想;德育体系的完善,包括纵向德育体系的完善、横行德育体系的完善;德育本质的深化,提出主体性德育和生活化德育;德育领域的拓展,包括向未来领域、宏观领域、微观领域、交叉领域和虚拟领域拓展;德育功能的丰富,提出了德育的协调稳定功能、开发功能和经济功能.     

个体道德认知发展理论及对学校德育的启示

道德是人类社会永恒的追求。文章在分析皮亚杰和科尔伯格的道德认知发展理论及其研究的基础上,着重探讨科尔伯格将理论运用于学校道德教育实践提出的采用道德讨论策略和公正团体策略促进儿童道德判断水平发展的方法。据此提出中国学校德育应该摒弃只对有关道德知识的讲授和灌输,应加强学生自身的主体建构,改善其道德认知的结构,提高其道德行为的水平以发展其道德品格。     

图论的发展

本文简单地介绍了图论的发展过程,以及几个著名的图论实例。     

浅议道德认知发展理论与我国道德教育改革

道德认知发展理论注重发展学生道德判断力,对西方学校道德教育产生了深刻的影响,其产生的历史背景与我国改革开放所遇到的道德困境非常相似,它对我国走向开放型的道德教育有重要的启迪作用。在发展我国学生道德判断力过程中,应着重解决好两大问题:一是确立学生在道德教育中的主体地位;二是转变教师的德育定位。