社会实践与青年大学生的社会化

社会实践促进青年大学生的社会化过程，有利于他们了解国情，认识社会，提高政治素质，增强社会责任感；有利于他们深入工农群众，体验工农生活，培养劳动感情，形成艰苦奋斗作风；有利于他们巩固知识，培养能力，提高综合素质，实现人体价值。     

论高校女性学/社会性别研究教学及其矛盾

中国（大陆）高校的女性学、性别研究研究的课程近年发展推进较快，已在一定意义上开始进入了大学教育的主流。然而，从高校教学管理的角度看，还没有对各层次的女性学/社会性别研究课程的教学目标、内容、教材、教学方法、教学评估等等有进一步详细、明确的规定与要求。在此局面下，各类高校的女性学/社会性别研究的教学,实际上存在较大差别，其教学效果与状况在很大程度上取决于各校承担该教学的教师的个人意愿、专业、兴趣、特长及偏好。与现有高校的其他主流课程相比较，女性学/社会性别研究的教学大部分仍处于自发、自生的状态，尚未列入常规课程的评估和建设体系，因而缺乏必要的教学保障机制,并且,因内在和外在的原因，这一课程本应当具备的社会批判立场及理论背景极有可能被不同程度的稀释、曲解。对此，女性学/社会性别研究的教学机遇与挑战并存，需努力解决好三个主要矛盾：国（海）外女性主义与本土化女性主义在学理背景、教学理念之间的矛盾，实用性、应用性女性课程与女性学/社会性别研究课程在政治主旨与技术性之间的矛盾，女性学/社会性别研究教学中理论与社会行动之间的矛盾。     

DEPICTING TEACHERS' ROLES IN SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOCIAL FRONTIER, 1934–1943

According to the dominant historiographical narrative, the social reconstructionists were a homogeneous group with a shared social, political, economic, and educational agenda. However, the pages of the journal The Social Frontier are replete with evidence that they were not in agreement on significant issues, especially when it came to the proper role of teachers in reform efforts. In fact, a close look reveals that the social reconstructionists presented multiple, overlapping, and often conflicting theories and strategies to advance the reconstruction of society, while explicating different roles for teachers therein. When teachers are placed at the center of the investigation, their factionalism, which has been discussed previously by C.A. Bowers and James Giarelli in their studies of the journal, is conspicuously apparent. Analysis of the different conceptions of teachers presented in The Social Frontier (subsequently titled Frontiers of Democracy) reveals that collectively, the social reconstructionists engaged in “more than one struggle”; and individually, they held views that were influenced by personal priorities and responses to the Depression, the spread of Communism and Fascism, the start of war in Europe and Asia, and, eventually, the involvement of the United States in World War II.     

Social and behavioral differences among a predominantly African American preschool sample

This study investigated the relationship between problem behaviors, including those associated with hyperactivity, and social skill deficits in a predominantly African American sample of preschool children. Specifically, 96 children, ages 3 through 5, were evaluated by their teachers using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scales‐28 (CTRS‐28), the ADHD Rating Scale, and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). Three cluster groups were identified based upon ratings on the CTRS‐28. Differences in specific SSRS Social Skill and Problem Behavior items among the three groups were identified. In addition, differential and concurrent validity for the AD/HD Rating Scale for the preschool age group was established. Implications of results regarding children at risk for school failure and drop‐out were discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Implications of a Learning Organisation for Social Justice in Poverty Stricken Communities: A Theoretical Perspective

Abstract

The term “social justice” cuts across disciplines and theoretical orientations. Critical theory underpinned the study reported on in this article. Many South African schools, particularly in poverty stricken communities, still experience insurmountable economic and social injustices despite progress since the apartheid regime. The injustices manifest in poverty, inequalities and unequal distribution of educational resources, impacting on the achievement gap. While social justice is a concern in the literature, South African literature has little on how to apply the concept of a learning organisation to reclaim a commitment to social justice. The article argues that schools perceived as learning organisations are sites of social and political struggle that can promote and encourage human rights to fundamental freedoms for all, without discrimination. This requires progressive teachers and critical thinking by students to transform dehumanising social milieus into communities of participation embodying the values of progress and human emancipation.     

Assessing Social Competence and Behavior Problems in a Sample of Italian Preschoolers Using the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale

Research Findings: The main goals of this study were to examine the factor validity of the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (SCBE-30) scale using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis and to test factor invariance across gender in a sample of Italian preschool-age children (241 boys, 252 girls). The concurrent validity of the SCBE scale was examined with measures of children's popularity and rejection. Our findings replicated a 3-factor model of the SCBE scale found in other studies with 3 correlated factors of social competence, anger–aggression, and anxiety–withdrawal. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence of configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance of the scale across gender. Popularity was positively related to children's social competence and negatively related to anxiety–withdrawal. Rejection was positively related to children's anger–aggression and anxiety–withdrawal and negatively related to social competence. Practice or Policy: The use of the SCBE scale in the Italian educational setting may help teachers understand children's emotional and social competencies and thereby improve social adjustment in the classroom.     

Academic and Social Motivational Influences on Students' Academic Performance

We discuss ways in which aspects of academic and social motivation interact to influence student's academic performance. Research on academic and social motivational constructs is reviewed, focusing on students' ability and efficacy beliefs, control beliefs, achievement values, and achievement goal orientations. Relations between academic and social motivational processes are discussed, as well as how motivational processes from both domains might interact to influence academic outcomes. We also discuss motivation from the perspective of contextual factors and school socialization processes that have the potential to influence student motivation and subsequent performance. In this regard, teachers' instructional practices and interpersonal relationships with students are highlighted as potentially powerful factors influencing student motivation and performance.     

Teacher workforce planning: the interplay of market forces and government polices during a period of economic uncertainty

Background:?The labour market for classroom teachers in England is a mixture of free-market capitalism and state workforce planning, interlaced with ideological and political interventions such as the introduction of new routes into teaching and the capping of class size.

Purpose:?The article examines the relationship between the teacher labour market and the economy in order to predict how it will be affected by government's attempt to manage the current economic crisis.

Sources of evidence:?In doing this, it draws upon a data set which tracks teacher supply and demand in England over the last 20 years.

Main argument:?The lack of articulation between workforce planning and the free market in teacher labour is traced across the two economic cycles from the upswing of the late 1980s through the recession of the early 1990s and the recovery of the late 1990s through the so-called ‘goldilocks’ period up to 2008 when the recession, generated by the banking crisis, engulfed the western world. The variations in the market are analysed along with factors impacting on the fluctuations of the teacher labour market

Conclusions:?The article concludes that there has been a lack of articulation between workforce planning and the free market in teacher labour, often exacerbated by the unintended consequences of political decisions. It predicts how this will impact on the workforce as government strategies attempt to reduce the financial deficit and encourage the private sector to stimulate the economy.     

高校整合优化思想教育资源的思考

社会资源广泛存在于社会的各个领域,具有引导大学生提升思想道德素质、开发大学生能力、促进大学生社会化等思想政治教育功能,有利于拓展大学生思想政治教育空间,创新思想政治教育方式。高校应建立完善的资源利用机制,整合资源体系,优化资源利用方式,不断增强社会资源的思想政治教育功能,提高大学生思想政治教育的整体效益。     

论物质生产基础上的社会有机系统

社会有机体不同于生物有机体 ,它是在以物质生产为基本形式的人类实践中 ,通过社会分工和社会交往的中介作用 ,而创生和发展的。人永远是社会有机体的主体 ,同时又受社会有机体的制约。在这个问题上 ,西方的结构主义和人本主义的观点 ,都是片面的、错误的。     

Development of higher education and employment in the Federal Republic of Germany

In the Federal Republic of Germany — as in many other industrialized countries higher education has, under the influence of social, economic and political forces, developed from a relatively small, selective and elite-oriented to a large system of mass education. The increasing number of students and university teachers, and the expansion of scientific and technological methods and knowledge has brought about claims for genuine organizational transformations and for massive financial resources. This development has created a number of severe problems in the relationship of the respective socio-economic and political sub-systems; in particular, the relationship between higher education and the labour market has to be considered as a vital but unresolved problem.This article gives a short account of the quantitative development of the German universities and the labour market in the last two decades. It also describes the organizational transformations which followed the federal framework law on higher education (Hochschulrahmengesetz) of January 1976, and deals with some aspects of research in relation to such problems.     

瑞典社会民主党执政经验研究

瑞典社会民主党在瑞典长期执政，使得瑞典成为世界福利国家的典范。总结其成功经验有以下几方面：理论上的与时俱进、不断创新，实践中的政治妥协、阶级合作政策以及注重党自身的建设、不断提高执政能力等。这值得我们研究和借鉴。     

Measuring the Reflective Attitude of Prospective Mathematics Teachers in The Netherlands

With a view to reflective teacher education an instrument was developed to determine prospective teachers’ preferences for different ways of learning. The instrument was used for assessing the relationship between these preferences and other student characteristics, such as age, gender and previous schooling. Moreover, changes in reflective attitudes during teacher education were measured. A conclusion is that more attention should be given to differences in learning orientations.     

Social learning as approach for teacher professional development; how well does it suit them?

Learning from others has been reported as a productive approach for teacher Professional Development (PD) and is seen as a valuable addition to formal PD. Specific insights into whether social learning suits teachers is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop and apply an instrument to assess social learning mindedness of teachers. A questionnaire called the “Quiz: Social learning, how does it suit me?” was developed and its reliability and factor structure were explored. A total of 110 teachers, ranging from primary school to pre-university education filled out the Quiz. Results indicated that the teachers were already quite social learning minded; they were positively oriented towards social learning. Social learning mindedness encompassed five underlying factors including counteracting social-learning preferences, teachers’ opinions and preferences related to learning from colleagues/others, their orientation towards collaboration in new approaches to PD, an autonomy factor, and a more general attitude towards knowledge dissemination. Mostly, teachers like to explain and share their knowledge, like to collaborate with others to enhance their knowledge and ask others for advice if they have a problem. At the same time, they want some control over their PD (e.g. the outcomes). The teachers in this sample did not show much preferences that would counteract social learning, leading to the conclusion that social learning suits teachers as a form of PD. The Quiz, which is accessible online (in Dutch), is a useful tool for teachers to quickly get acquainted with social learning.     

高校餐饮服务工作面临的矛盾及对策

高校餐饮服务工作的社会化改革已经取得突破性的进展,但也面临着很多新的矛盾.要解决这些矛盾,出路在于:坚持为高校师生和教学科研服务的宗旨,努力兼顾社会和经济两种效益;深化高校餐饮实体内部的改革;进一步提高餐饮员工整体素质,提高餐饮服务工作的质量;加强高校餐饮环境建设.     

Family Activity Patterns as related to the symmetry in the division of labour in the family,children’s socialization to work and the significance of work to the parents

The paper is based on empirical material collected in connection with the research project ‘Way of life in the family parental awareness of parenthood, and children’s social development’. The sample consisted of 212 families with both parents and a six-year-old child. It was relatively homogeneous with regard to the educational background of the parents. Comparisons were made between groups of families which differed with regard to (1) symmetry in the division of labour, (2) socialization of children to work, and (3) the relative significance of work vs. family life to the parents. Symmetry in the division of labour was strongly reflected in the family time consumption patterns and their common interests. The parents active role as instigators of common activity was also related to both time consumption and interests. The particular characteristics of work-centred families were described. The wife’s employment status and the nature of her work was associated with the family was of life, while the husband’s work was less important in this respect. Interpretations were made in terms of the trend of changes in the division of labour in the family and children’s socialization to work.     

教师的阶层身份、社会功能与专业化——西方马克思主义关于教师的研究

教师的身份是与当代资本主义社会阶级和社会阶层的重新分化密切相关的。教师作为服务阶级，运用学历、学位层级、职称层级、职务层级以及专业学会等维护其阶级和阶层的利益；对教师的经济身份、政治身份和意识形态身份的分析识别可以确认教师的阶级地位(location)和阶级立场；教师在学校教育实现社会筛选和分化功能中扮演着主要角色；教师职业一直是社会底层阶级立志向上流动的主要职业，教师的养成(师资训育)也是一个资产阶级的意识形态社会化的过程；教师通过专业化的证书制度才受雇于国家，获得国家授予的教育(控制)权力；教师职业也仍然存在边缘化或无产阶级化的可能；教师的解放和革命是蕴含在日常的教育和教学中的。     

新时期大学生政治社会化的对策研究

受全球化和社会转型的双重影响,新时期大学生政治社会化的现状表现出双重性,其过程充满了矛盾与冲突,严重影响了大学生政治社会化的顺利进行。因此,全社会必须高度重视新时期大学生政治社会化问题,积极采取有效措施,推动大学生政治社会化的成功实现,以利于中国特色社会主义事业的发展。     

社会转型时期的利益分化与政治认同

目前中国处于社会转型的关键时期,现代化进程所导致的利益分化成为众多社会问题和矛盾产生的根源。政治认同作为社会成员对社会公共权力、政治制度等的赞同、认可与支持,也受到了强烈冲击,表现为政治认同危机的出现。在利益分化时代的大背景下,必须以利益协调为着眼点,化解利益矛盾冲突,才能有效地增进和提高社会成员的政治认同,从而推动整个社会的稳定。     

Contributions of Children's Temperament to Teachers' Judgments of Social Competence From Kindergarten Through Second Grade

Research Findings: Children's social competence has been linked to successful transition to formal school. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of children's temperament to teachers' ratings of their social competence from kindergarten through 2nd grade. Children (N = 1,364) from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network participated in this study. Mothers rated children's shyness, attentional focusing, and inhibitory control with the Children's Behavior Questionnaire at 4½ years, and teachers rated children's social competence with three subscales (cooperation, assertion, and self-control) of the Social Skills Rating System at kindergarten, 1st, and 2nd grade. Latent growth curve analysis indicated that both shyness and effortful control contributed to children's social competence. Bolder children were likely to have higher assertion ratings, and shyer children with greater attentional focusing were likely to have higher assertion ratings. Shyer children and children with greater inhibitory control and attentional focusing were likely to have higher teacher ratings of self-control and cooperation. Practice or Policy: Findings highlight the importance of considering child temperament characteristics when understanding children's social competence and successful adjustment to kindergarten. Information may help parents, preschool teachers, and early elementary teachers prepare children who may be at particular risk for lower social competence.