面向寿命周期的装备资源性设计策略研究

装备资源性是装备与资源、环境密切相关的一种属性。资源性设计是实现装备资源性的根本途径。资源性设计要充分考虑从资源获取到退役报废的装备全寿命周期过程,根据不同阶段的实际特点实施不同的设计策略。面向资源选择主要侧重能源与材料类型的选择;面向包装储运主要侧重绿色包装性的设计;面向使用维修主要侧重装备能耗水平和绿色维修性等设计;面向升级改造主要侧重可扩展性等设计;面向退役报废处理主要侧重可拆解性、可回收性等设计;绿色环保性设计、模块化和标准化设计基本贯穿于各个考虑阶段中。通过细致梳理面向不同阶段的资源性设计准则,为资源性设计实践提供了充分参考借鉴。装备资源性设计需要综合考虑寿命周期各个阶段的情况,实施有针对性的设计策略,才能使装备在后续的寿命周期过程表现出良好的资源性水平。本文重点梳理了面向不同寿命周期阶段,资源性设计的侧重点与设计准则,丰富了装备资源性的理论内涵,为资源性设计从理论向实践转化提供了有力支撑。     

军队装备资源节约的理论分析与路径设计

目前,军队装备资源节约工作刚刚起步,对装备资源节约相关概念、内涵外延的认识还不清晰,还缺乏贯穿装备全系统全寿命的理论和方法指导实践。为此,本文首先界定了装备资源是军事装备系统内资源分类与分布的系统体系,指与装备全系统全寿命周期过程密切相关的物质和非物质资源的统称,具有军事性、战略性、集成性和复杂性等特点;装备资源节约是指以提高装备资源利用效率为目标,在装备建设中所开展的一系列节约资源的管理与技术活动,并进行了装备资源节约需求性分析,明确指出装备资源节约是军队资源节约的重要组成,是装备现代化建设的必然要求和战略方针。在此基础上,本文研究分析了美军装备资源节约的背景及相关措施,最后提出了我军装备资源节约工作必须要统一规划、分布实施,研用结合、注重转化,示范先行、渐进发展,军民融合、军地一体的具体路径,以期为我军装备资源节约理论研究以及实践提供参考。     

资源节约型和环境友好型装备发展战略研究

随着可持续发展思想的广泛传播,资源节约和环境保护已日益引起人们的重视。绿色,作为一种理念已逐渐普及于生产生活中,如:绿色家电、绿色食品、绿色建筑等,在满足需要的同时,减少了环境污染,节约了资源。装备建设是国防事业发展的重要组成部分,走绿色发展道路有利于促进军事、环境和经济的协调发展。本文首先分析了我国资源形势,指出资源缺乏已成为严重影响我国可持续发展的重大问题,传统"高投入、高消耗、低效率、低效益"的粗放型装备建设路子,已不能适应新时期新阶段的国情军情,在此基础上,提出了资源节约型和环境友好型装备发展战略,并着重分析了国外前沿理念及做法,最后指出我军必须大力加强绿色装备建设,深入开展绿色维修实践,高度重视资源替代研究,抓好装备资源再生利用,以期为装备建设提供决策支持和方法指导。     

关于资源性城市的可持续发展与再城市化问题

任何开发不可再生性资源的城市(以下简称资源性城市)都迟早会遇到资源枯竭问题,由于这类城市对工业化发展的重要贡献,以及其众多的数量不小的人口规模,因此,资源性城市的可持续发展与再城市化问题就显得特别重要。一、资源性城市的发展及面临的主要问题 1.资源性城市的发展。资源性城市的发展实际上涉及到两个方面:     

装备资源节约技术体系构建的原则与方法

科学技术是第一生产力,解决装备资源节约问题,资源节约技术的应用问题至关重要。我军在装备资源节约技术应用研究尚不多见,从目前装备资源节约技术推广应用情况看,还普遍存在着技术应用意识不强、对装备节约技术认识尚不清晰,资源节约技术信息共享不足、很大一批先进节约技术"藏在深闺无人识",诸多节约效果良好的技术应用范围很窄、没能在装备领域得到大面积推广等诸如此类的一系列问题,严重影响了装备资源节约工作科学、持续、深入、高效地发展。本文首先分析了装备资源节约技术体系的内涵,在此基础上提出了构建装备资源节约技术体系的原则和方法,最后详细阐述了基于装备全寿命周期的资源节约技术体系框架,主要包括装备全寿命周期层、工程技术层和管理技术层,并给出了关键技术体系框架,对于推动装备资源节约向深层次发展,具有很高的价值和非常重要的意义。     

面向资源节约的装备灵巧化设计

灵巧化技术是现代战争的发展趋势,是武器装备实现快速反应能力的重要措施。针对目前严峻的资源形势,为实现武器装备可持续发展,提出装备灵巧设计的理念。本文紧贴军队装备实战效能发挥,突出资源节约和能源消耗指标,分析了灵巧设计的内涵、原则和关键技术,提出装备灵巧设计发展建议,重点介绍了在装备设计研制阶段,使用新型制造材料技术和结构优化技术对装备的重量、结构、性能进行改进,从"源头"上提高武器装备的作战性、操作性、维修性等固有属性,达到促进节约资源、降低能源消耗,减少装备制造成本的目的,为将来军队装备可持续发展提供理论参考。目前,各国在武器装备设计上都凸显了往轻量化、模块化、智能化,以及装备的可拆卸性。主要技术手段有,大量采用轻质金属材料、工程塑料和复合材料,或通过改进机构、优化结构设计、对多种功能进行高度集成、减小惯性元件的重量等,来达到灵巧化效果。     

装备资源节约技术推广应用机制研究

实现装备资源节约是装备建设可持续发展的客观要求,具有极高的军事效益和经济效益,装备资源节约工作要想落到实处,必须依赖技术创新及其推广应用。装备资源节约技术推广应用机制,是指在装备资源节约技术推广应用工作中,通过将机构、制度与技术推广应用基本规律、人员、环境等有效结合起来,形成的符合推广应用工作基本规律的有机整体。当前,我军在装备资源节约技术应用上主要存在以下四个方面的不足,一是推广应用意识不强;二是技术信息共享不足;三是技术应用尚未形成体系;四是技术研发和引进投入不足。基于此,本文重点阐述了构建装备资源节约技术推广应用机制的指导思想、基本原则和步骤,最后指出构建组织机制、激励机制、竞争机制和评估机制的具体方法,以期为部队构建装备资源节约技术推广应用提供参考,从而推动装备资源节约工作科学发展。     

基于全寿命管理的装备资源节约战略研究

随着我军装备现代化建设的不断发展,装备资源供需矛盾日渐突出。如何走出一条投入较少、效益较高的节约型装备建设的路子显得尤为重要,是我军装备现代化建设的一项重大战略任务。本文首先界定了装备资源的范畴,并指出全寿命管理与装备资源节约相辅相成,在此基础上论文结合装备工作实际,运用全寿命管理的思想,研究分析了基于全寿命管理的装备资源节约的基本内涵,包括基本概念和内在要求,最后提出了基于全寿命管理的装备资源节约的战略举措,指出必须在科研采购上抓好装备资源的"优生",在使用保障上抓好装备资源的"优育",在退役报废上抓好装备资源的"再生",以期为部队深入持久地开展装备资源节约工作提供有力的理论指导。     

中国海洋资源性资产流失成因与治理对策

海洋资源性资产属于国有资源性资产，在长期的开发与利用中存在着严重的资产流失现象。海洋资源性资产是发展海洋事业的物质基础，国有海洋资源性资产流失直接威胁到海洋事业发展的根基。因此，开展海洋资源性资产流失研究意义重大。本文首先给予了海洋资源性资产明确的界定，认为海洋资源性资产是指海洋范围内和沿海地带具有明确的所有者、能够产生效益的稀缺性海洋资源。然后，本文分析了海洋资源资产流失表现出的特点，主要有流失隐蔽性、范围广泛性、原因复杂性、时空差异性等。接下来，本文详细分析了造成海洋资源性资产流失的六种成因，指出每种成因都危害巨大。针对我国海洋资源性资产流失的成因，本文提出了相应的治理对策，主要有加强海洋资源性资产的产权管理、建立其监督体系、强化政府在海洋资源资产管理中的作用、发挥市场机制的作用解决资产流失问题、提升科技水平提高资产利用效率和完善国民经济核算体系等。     

海洋空间资源性资产利用效率流失机理及治理对策研究

海洋空间资源性资产的综合利用为海洋经济的发展提供了外在环境,其利用效率的高低直接影响着其他海洋资源性资产的开发与利用,进而也影响着整个海洋经济的发展。本文基于我国海洋空间资源性资产的利用现状,重点从市场失灵和政府失灵两大流失原因出发,对理论缺陷、产权失灵、不完全竞争和外部效应导致的利用效率流失的主要机理进行了分析。研究指出:海洋空间资源性资产利用效率流失的原因是多方面的,对其进行的流失治理也需从多层次、多角度考虑,因此需建立一个海洋空间资源性资产流失治理体系。只有以治理的前提为基础,以治理的保障为平台,对具体的海洋空间资源性资产利用效率流失提出针对性地治理对策,并及时监督与反馈,才能从根源上防止海洋空间资源性资产利用效率流失。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese