Education and Learning for the Elderly: Why,How, What

Seventy‐seven children of divorce and their selected grandparents completed questionnaires that included a demographic section, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale‐II (FACES II; Olson, Bell, &; Portner, 1982) to assess their relationships, and an instrument designed to identify shared activities and desires in these areas. Partners had similar present and future perceptions of relationship and activity factors. All participants desired future increases in both areas. Grandchildren and grandparents connected emotional bonding with grandparents’ listening, keeping them safe, and gift giving; grandparents also thought a good relationship with the custodial parent was important. Most healthy and least healthy subgroups were identified. Membership in the healthiest group was related to geographic proximity, feminine gender for both partners, and being married and employed full‐time for grandparents. Grandparents who were related by blood to custodial parents, had a good relationship with them, and negotiated their role were more likely to have a healthier relationship. Helping professionals are encouraged to explore these variables as they help family members negotiate the grandparent‐grandchild relationship, use skill training to foster development in areas amenable to change, and use supportive tactics in areas of liability.     

Early Education for Spatial Intelligence: Why,What, and How

Spatial representation and thinking have evolutionary importance for any mobile organism. In addition, they help reasoning in domains that are not obviously spatial, for example, through the use of graphs and diagrams. This article reviews the literature suggesting that mental spatial transformation abilities, while present in some precursory form in infants, toddlers, and preschool children, also undergo considerable development and show important individual differences, which are malleable. These findings provide the basis for thinking about how to promote spatial thinking in preschools, at home, and in children's play. Integrating spatial content into formal and informal instruction could not only improve spatial functioning in general but also reduce differences related to gender and socioeconomic status that may impede full participation in a technological society.     

Calculator-Available Assessments: The Why,What, and How

In the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989) advocated that "appropriate calculators should be available to all students at all times" (p. 8) and that calculators (or any instructional tool) should be allowed in the assessment of those students. In response, large-scale assessments such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Scholastic Achievement Test, American College Testing, Advanced Placement, and a variety of state-mandated tests moved to incorporate the allowance of calculator technologies in the assessment scheme. Although rhetoric and large-scale assessments have embraced the allowance of technology, classroom teachers may have difficulty developing their own assessments that permit calculator use. This article discusses the factors involved in h e design and implementation of calculator-available assessments. In particular, four issues associated with calculator-available assessments are examined. (a) the benefits and problems associated with calculator use in assessment, (b) the components of various types of calculator-available assessments, (c) the construction of calculator-available assessments, and (d) the need for additional examination of items included on calculator-available assessments. From this examination, teachers and test developers are provided with a set of recommendations that focus on developing calculator-available assessments and minimizing difficulties arising at the item 1evel.     

Philosophy of Art Education in the Visual Culture: Aesthetics for Art Teachers

This paper describes an experimental course in the preparation of art teachers. The goal of the course was to engage final-year art students in thinking about the fundamental questions in aesthetic education and in considering various views of their roles as teachers of art. The classes presented a dialogue between two teachers: a philosopher of art and an artist. We discussed the social justification of art, the place of art in education and more generally the portrayal of visual culture in philosophical thought. The bibliography for the course comprised a list of basic texts in aesthetic education, from Friedrich Schiller to Nelson Goodman. In class we linked the range of philosophical views examined to the artistic exploration of themes (mainly in contemporary and local art). The course also incorporated guest speakers who presented their own projects relating to different meeting points of art and education, including social-activist artists, curators, philosophers of education and school architects. The article presents the rationale for the course, its method and a sample of its content.     

谈视觉文化影响下的高职美术教育

新的视觉文化(Visual Culture)时代的到来,扩大了美术教育的领域.为适应形势发展的需要,高职美术教育要采用如下教育策略:一是注重教师的自我培养提高,二是注重全面培养学生视觉素质,三是注重教学内容和教学方法的丰富多样.只有这样,高职美术教育才能跟上时代的步伐.     

论教育测试的内涵及目的

本文采用文献回顾的方式，探讨了教育测试中的两个基本问题：测试的内涵及测试的目的。在本文中，测试指对学生的学习表现进行测评或评价。本文强调，测试的根本目的在于促进学生学习、促进教师教学以及促进学校的教学管理。换言之，测试旨在提高教育质量，培养优秀人才，而不仅仅局限于对学生的学习结果做出评价。     

Planning HRD Interventions; What,Why, and How

There is a large body of literature on the instructional design process but little information about the planning practices of Human Resource Development (HRD) practitioners, those who may be devising training or organization development interventions. This article describes qualitative research conducted on the planning processes of five experienced HRD practitioners. Results indicate that subjects had similar mental models of the planning process, portraying the general framework as: a) discerning the desired outcomes, b) understanding the current situation, and c) designing a process to meet the needs. They characterized the planning process as holistic and iterative, involving the use of scenarios, and paradoxical in nature. This paper will identify how the subjects' values, beliefs, and principles of practice influenced their planning. It will also describe techniques used by the subjects to enhance their planning, which involved activating internal resources (prior experience), seeking external resources (reading, talking to others), and tapping into their subconscious for insights or answers. Implications for education, practice, and further research on the planning practices of HRD practitioners will be proposed.     

地方大学内涵发展:是啥,为啥,做啥

地方大学作为高等教育体系的重要组成部分,如何立足实际,寻求内涵发展是新时期摆在地方大学面前的一个重要课题。内涵发展是地方大学落实科学发展观的根本要求,是解决地方大学发展困境的现实需求,也是提升地方大学的办学水平和质量,实现服务区域经济发展的客观需要。为此,地方大学应从实际出发,通过构建科学合理的人才培养模式、加强特色化的学科建设以及大学文化建设,健全教师激励制度等,坚持走内涵发展之路。     

中外合作大学的品牌建设:为何,何为与何作为

伴随着中外合作大学的发展,品牌建设应该成为促进中外合作大学顺利办学的关键路径.品牌建设是中外合作大学应对教育市场激烈竞争的选择,是维系大学机构持续发展的需要,亦是增进社会公众对大学信任度的产物.从品牌理论视角分析,结合中外合作大学的主要特性,重点探讨了中外合作大学品牌建设的战略思路,认为中外合作大学的品牌目标确立应以教育消费者满意度提升为核心定位,品牌质量的打造应以培养国际型人才为重要内容,品牌形象的塑造应以理念、行为和视觉识别系统的完善为关键策略,品牌传播的开展应以大学国际知名度提升为主导方向.     

后现代语境中的视觉文化艺术教育探析

近年来,"视觉文化艺术教育"日益受到人们的关注,我们应该怎样理解视觉文化艺术教育呢?从后现代主义的视角审视视觉文化艺术教育研究,并梳理视觉文化艺术教育的学术谱系,将有利于现代艺术教育的重构和发展,也标志着当代社会一种新传播理念的拓展与形成。     

Towards a research training curriculum: What, Why, How, Who?

Our purpose in this paper is to investigate the ways in which the work of research higher degree supervision is being reshaped from within and outside universities. Our interest is in the means by which new ‘content’ and ‘process’ knowledge — and thus a new set of pedagogical tasks and relationships — are being configured in the field of higher degree research. The outcomes of research training have traditionally been products of a one-on-one supervisory relationship, that is, academic apprentice-to-disciplinary mentor. This is especially the case in the fields of arts/humanities. Any ‘curriculum’ necessary to such a model has been both implicit and at the discretion of the disciplinary ‘master’.     

How Art Education Can Contribute to the Globalisation of Culture

This paper begins by defining globalisation and discussing the major issues that globalisation raises in the cultural sphere. This includes the relationships of global culture to national and local cultures, the disorientation caused by the compression of time and space, the characterisation of global culture as Americanisation, and the consumer orientation of global culture. The paper then examines the ways in which art education can contribute to these changing social dynamics. These include a celebration of place, addressing heritage and tourist issues, creating hybrid works, discussing commercial choices, examining one-world images, and creating with one-world technologies.     

政府干预教育:为什么?怎么样?——哈耶克论政府与教育的关系

哈耶克从知识的特殊性质、政府的家长主义关怀、共享基本价值观和共同文化背景、知识和教育的外部性、历史路径依赖等几个方面论证了政府干预教育的正当理由。基于一贯的古典自由主义立场,哈耶克指出政府干预教育应当恪守以下原则:资助与举办分离;坚持教育内容的开放性和多样性;在决定哪些人获得更多教育方面避免采取单一、整齐划一的标准。     

赏识教育:应为、难为与可为

赏识教育作为一种颇具活力的教育方法,能否有效实施关乎儿童的全面发展。赏识教育在儿童主体意识激发、生命意识唤醒以及和谐关系维系等方面体现出诸多可为之处。但由于受到多重因素影响,当前中小学生赏识教育存在为难之境。如:赏识教育形式化、物质化、偏差化、泛滥化、片面化等问题,使赏识教育遭到不同程度的批判,致使赏识教育备受质疑。笔者认为,采取多元赏识,注重差异;适度赏识,把握原则;分层赏识,强化互补等措施是应对赏识教育所面临的难为之境的可为之举。     

Creating and Sustaining Inclusive Instructional Settings for English Language Learners: Why,What, and How

In this article, we provide an empirically based framework for school leaders to support the replacement of separate means of providing services for English learners (ELs) with more inclusive learning supports. The framework encompasses evidence on cultivating language proficiency, ensuring access to a high-quality curriculum, and promoting sociocultural integration. To illustrate the ways that research has informed practice to better meet the needs of ELs, we also present initiatives by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction that have helped propel a vision of equity and diversity at both the school and district level. We conclude by providing additional resources that leaders can use to promote the professional growth of the school.     

A Visual Culture Art Education Curriculum for Early Childhood Teacher Education: Re‐Constructing the Family Album

This article reflects on the reading and writing of an art education curriculum for teacher education centred on the biographical and social reconstruction of childhood. The foundations of this curriculum interconnect ideas from different fields like postmodern childhood studies, visual studies, and the performance of subjectivity and memory. This is an interpretative curriculum centred in narrating aesthetic encounters for imagining and producing alternative views of childhood. It stresses the relevance of biographic work in the formation of teaching identities, and constructs dialogues and connections between the private and public discourses of childhood. In this context the family album becomes a powerful resource for visual analysis, cultural critique, and subjective re‐construction.     

Post-it Culture: Post-modernism and Art and Design Education

This paper examines the phenomenon of Post-modernism and its growing relationship to art and design education and its limitations in that context. It examines how and why an authentic architectural style developed into a late twentieth century philosophy, was exploited by visual artists, and was then applied to art and design education. The paper looks at a range of issues and concepts coterminous with the growth of post-modern thought, particularly the idea of post-historicism. In that sense it posits Post-modernism as one narrative amongst a number. The language of Post-modernism is also explored, as is the idea of a ‘post-medium age’. It is then suggested, using the argument of Post-modernism itself, that art and design education for the next millennium depends upon the recognition of the need for a range of new narratives.