Ecologies of Heritage Language Learning in a Multilingual Swedish School

The field of heritage language (HL) education is a rapidly growing area of educational linguistics research and pedagogy. While considerable research has looked at identity in relation to HL learning in adolescents and adults, this article focuses on the identities and language attitudes of young HL learners of Arabic and Somali at an elementary school in Sweden. Analyzed through an ecology of language framework, data reveal that students regard HL as a tool to foster belonging within their multilingual communities, and resist pressures to assimilate within the context of immigration. Findings also suggest that learners’ agency and language use influenced classroom pedagogies, and indicate the promise of a dynamic conception of HL education that affirms the creative use of language to support students’ linguistic and cognitive growth. This article fills a gap in theory and pedagogy, addressing the role of HL learning for the learner, the family, and the local and global community.     

Ideology and Morality in Host Language Learning: American Protestants in the Former Yugoslavia

ABSTRACT

American Protestants serving overseas must learn their host communities’ “heart” language from the twin moral imperative to minimize their burden on host partners and to embody their faith through their language practice. Language learning thus has moral consequences; not merely proficiency attainment, but faithfulness and calling are at stake. The author, a Protestant himself, conducted an ethnography of Americans serving in a Protestant organization at field sites in Bosnia and Slovenia. Two ideologies emerged from this study and were analyzed as a polycentric system exerting moral authority. These were (a) a dogmatic ideology of using the “right” language, the “national” or “heart language” corresponding to a people group, and (b) a pragmatic ideology of using “whatever” linguistic resources available to convey their gospel. These ideologies overlapped and shifted over time, with consequences for fieldworkers’ longevity, the linguistic ecology of host communities, and Christian understandings of language learning.     

Application of Language Transfer Rules to Foreign Language Teaching in College

Discourse analysis is the examination of language use by members of a speech community. It involves looking at both language form and language functions and includes the study of both spoken interaction and written texts. It i-dentifies linguistic features that characterize different genres as well as social and cultural factors that aid in our inter-pretation and understanding of different texts and types of talk. A discourse analysis of written texts might include a study of topic development and cohesion across the sentences, while an analysis of spoken language might focus on these aspects plus turn-taking practices, opening and closing sequences of social encounters, or narrative structure.     

Decolonizing the Church/Decolonizing Language: Postcolonial Christianity,Language Ideologies,and the Morality of Teaching Vernacular Arabic (Darija) in Algeria

ABSTRACT

In the mid-20^th century, as the global colonial order collapsed, language and education were two of the most affectively, politically, and economically challenging domains of decolonization efforts. Parler Algérien (Speak Algerian), an experimental method for the teaching and learning of Darija (Algerian vernacular Arabic), created by Catholic clergymen and women in the early 1970s, provides an illustration of an attempt to decolonize language learning in postcolonial Algeria. The Catholic creators of Parler Algérien assumed a stance of solidarity with the independent nation, an alignment that translated into the entextualization of a number of linguistic and non-linguistic features in the textbook. This ethnography of a Darija classroom examines the shifting language ideologies that mediate the text’s interpretation in the 21^st century. I argue that the interdiscursive residues of Parler Algérien’s postcolonial context of production shape its uptake in the 21^st century classroom, but not in the ways that the authors intended.     

Emergent Target Language Identities Among Latino English Language Learners

During 2nd language acquisition, a learner’s identity is consigned, juxtaposed, coconstructed, and reified through various affective positions and mitigating linguistic behaviors. Our study of adult Latino ESL students in Dallas, Texas, shows how language socialization experiences are shaped by the learners’ affective stances toward the project of learning and using the English language. Students reflected on how their specific social barriers created conditions that impeded interaction with interlocutors who could potentially aid their socialization process in English.     

Teacher identity,teaching vision,and Chinese language education for South Asian students in Hong Kong

There is a growing interest in research on language teacher identity as relevant research suggests that language teacher self-identification has an impact on their language teaching. The present paper explores the self-identification and subsequent effects on their actual teaching vision and practice of 16 Chinese language subject teachers teaching Chinese as a second language to South Asians in Hong Kong. Data collected from classroom observations and interviews with the teachers demonstrate that Chinese language subject teachers negotiate with South Asian learners and construct their teaching in ways that enable them to create an environment where they see themselves as linguistic torchbearers and cultural transmitters while acquiring a strong feeling of success professionally. This research implies that teacher identity is a kind of pedagogy through which language teachers can reproduce or counteract hegemonic discourses and ideologies that oppress South Asians as non-native language minorities.     

Our Language: (Re)Imagining Communities in Ukrainian Language Classrooms

Drawing upon video recordings from two fifth-grade Ukrainian classrooms and interviews with children four years later, this paper examines these classrooms as sites for socializing learners into an imagined community of Ukrainian speakers, the extent to which children took up identities as members of this community, and the potential effect of this identification on willingness to learn and use Ukrainian. Microanalysis of classroom interaction illustrates how teachers drew upon prevailing discourses of language and nation in ways that both presupposed and sought to create children’s membership in an imagined national community whose core practices included affiliation with Ukrainian as “our language.” However, interview data reveal that while children readily aligned with this imagined community and voiced its language ideologies, they positioned themselves as peripheral members or alternatively reimagined an alternative, multilingual Ukrainian community.     

Three Korean Heritage Language Teachers’ Identities,Their Identification of Their Students,and Their Instructional Practices

This study examined the instructional focuses and practices of three Korean heritage language (HL) teachers in community-based HL schools related not only to their constructed identities as HL teachers, but also to their students. Constant-comparative analyses of interviews and classroom observations across the three teacher cases showed that each teacher’s identity as an HL teacher was shaped by her earlier immigration experiences and through her relationships within and across a particular historical and social context. Moreover, the three HL teachers’ identities informed how they identified the imagined communities in which their students would eventually participate. The teachers’ different identifications and visions became significant in shaping their instructional focuses and practices related to teaching language and culture in a manner that would enable their students to learn and, therefore, gain access to their communities.     

民族教育观和语言意识形态

中国少数民族教育关涉民族教育观,也关涉语言意识形态。在全球信息关联、政治和经济多样共生的新形势下,民族教育观的多样化,语言意识形态的多样化,都是人类社会生活的常态。不过,多样性和共生体不存在必然矛盾,只要不断追求"重叠共识","美美与共"便会成为理想的互动形式。     

论语言教学和教学语言艺术

阐述了教学语言与语言教学的关系,归纳了教学语言的类型和功能,指出教师在语言教学中应讲究教学语言的情感艺术、表达艺术、提问艺术和语感艺术,注重教学语言艺术运用的几个基本原则,以提高课堂语言教学的效果。     

高中英语课堂互动模式和教师话语抽样研究

就高中英语课堂互动的模式和教师话语两个方面对分层随机抽取的十名高中英语教师展开了课堂现场观察研究,结果显示高中英语课堂互动模式主要为启发反馈跟踪(IRF)模式,互动频繁,且成功率高。教师常用问题启动交互,采用意义协商、及时反馈、元语言和体态语等来维护和平衡交互。但互动内容多为语言操练,缺乏真正意义的语言交际,不利于语言的学习和习得。     

语言环境对二语习得的影响

儿童母语的习得充分说明了语言环境对二语习得的成败起着关键作用.语言环境有自然语言环境和课堂语言环境之分,它们对二语习得有着不同的影响.文章还论述了创设语言环境的方法和途径.     

Language Teacher Identities in the Southern United States: Transforming Rural Schools

Foreign language (FL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) teaching present considerable challenges in the rural U.S. South. Local language ideologies, budgetary considerations, and challenges in other curricular areas (e.g., math and science) lead to marginalizing both FL and ESL in schools. This article examines the personal and professional trajectories of in-service language teachers in K–12 settings in the state of Mississippi to better understand how participants conceptualize their practice and their roles in schools. By analyzing the interview discourse of nine teachers, we found that both ESL and FL teachers positioned themselves against dominant ideologies and educational policies and constructed themselves as agents of change in the classroom, school, and community at large. This study contributes to the argument for integrating FL and ESL in rural areas, where both groups need support, and provides suggestions for ESL-FL teacher collaboration in rural schools.     

Does the use of migrant languages in German primary schools transform language orders? Findings from ethnographic classroom investigations

ABSTRACT

Migration-related multilingualism is a core issue of academic discussion regarding educational inequality in German schools. While existing studies have analysed the discrimination against children’s languages from linguistic minorities in school, this paper focuses on social practices in a primary school that seeks to recognise and value multilingualism. The aim of this article is to investigate the extent to which the inclusion of migration-related multilingualism can transform language orders in school and classroom. For this purpose, we examined linguistic practices on the micro-level of the classroom based on lesson protocols. The observed practices indicate that the inclusion of the children’s languages is meant both as a means of valuing and acknowledging the children’s multilingualism and as part of comprehensive language teaching and learning. The question as to the scope of individual schools for overcoming monolingual ideologies within the structural context of the national educational system and dominant societal discourses remains, however.     

教师提问的方式与外语习得

教师提问是教学过程中必不可少的环节，是教师话语的重要组成部分。本分析了教师提问的类型对学生外语习得的影响，并探讨了教师应采用不同的课堂提问，创造出更多更真实的交际机会，激发学生的参与欲望，使学生运用所学的语言知识去解决交际中产生的问题，在解决意外交际问题的过程中促进新知识的认知结构的形成，并使之转化为内在的知识，提高语言的整体水平。     

我国少数民族地区外语课堂三语接触模式

我国少数民族地区民族语言本身具有多样性,作为强势语言的汉语及具有目标语言与工具语言双重属性的英语的介入,使其语言生态环境更加复杂多样,外语课堂教学也因此以语码转换与交替为主线。通过对这一特殊语言生态环境、接触过程及影响进行分析,对我国少数民族地区外语教育中由此引发的几个问题进行探讨。     

浅谈在化学教学中怎样用好课堂教学语言

课堂教学是一门艺术，是由许多因素构成的，其中教师的课堂语言是一个重要的因素。教师大量的教学活动是通过语言进行的，可见语言是化学教学中最重要的组成部分之一。本文仅从几个不同方面论述做为化学教师如何才能更好的用好课堂教学语言。     

An English-Speaking Prekindergarten Teacher for Young Latino Children: Implications of the Teacher–Child Relationship on Second Language Learning

This case study was designed to describe how an effective English-speaking prekindergarten teacher develops strategies for communicating with and teaching young English language learners. The teacher’s classroom practices to enhance her own relationship with the children promoted opportunities for the Latino children to become full participants in the classroom community. At the end of the year, the Latino children showed progress in formal and informal measures of receptive vocabulary in both English and Spanish. Findings from the study suggest the importance of the affective and social nature of second language learning in young children. Implications for practice and research are discussed.     

教学媒介语折射出的外语教师教学环境观——基于国内外语课堂教学媒介语研究现状

教学媒介语是教师进行课堂教学时所使用的语言,是外语教学法的一个重要参数。教师对外语教学中教学媒介语的态度和教学媒介语的实际使用情况折射出教师不同的教学环境观。本文对国内的有关研究进行介绍和分析,发现外语教师在联结学派和认知学派中采取了折衷的观点。