我国科技政策向创新政策演变的过程、趋势与建议——基于我国289项创新政策的实证分析

本文将统计分析方法引进创新政策研究领域，以《国家促进自主创新的政策分析与研究》报告梳理的289项创新政策为样本，以创新政策的效力（法律、行政法规、部门规章）和类别（科技政策、产业政策、财政政策、税收政策、金融政策）为基本维度，分析了1980—2005年我国创新政策的历史演变路径。研究发现：1980—2005年我国创新政策呈现从“科技政策”单向推进向“科技政策”和“经济政策”协同转变、从“政府导向型”向“政府导向”和“市场调节”协同型转变、从单向政策向政策组合转变的发展趋势。基于我国创新政策演变趋势的分析，提出具有针对性的建议。     

专利长度、宽度和高度的福利效应及最优设计

 文章通过构建一个两厂商累积创新竞赛模型,分析专利制度对厂商创新信息披露和社会研发投入的影响,并基于社会福利最大化原则对最优专利长度、宽度、高度进行了设置。结果显示,专利长度有利于信息披露,专利宽度对信息披露的影响呈现倒U型关系;社会研发投入与专利长度成反比,与专利宽度呈现正U型关系,与专利高度呈现倒U型关系;适当的专利宽度,长期限,高新奇或短期限,低新奇的组合是最优专利保护模式。     

科技成果转化现状、主要问题分析与对策研究

科技成果转化是科技成果商品化的过程,是科技成果价值和使用价值得以实现,并推动经济发展的前提条件。加快科技成果向现实生产力转化,已成为建设创新型国家的一项重要任务。然而现实中许多科技成果没有及时得到转化应用,甚至被闲置,这种情况严重阻碍了科技第一生产力功能的发挥。本文将从科技成果转化的现状入手,在分析转化链条中各主体及支撑保障体系存在问题的基础上,提出几条对策建议仅供参考。     

广东省自然科学基金资助项目成果管理现状、问题及对策建议

成果管理是项目中后期管理中非常重要的部分,广东省自然科学基金通过多年来的管理实践,在项目申报、评审、立项等方面已经建立起一套比较完整的管理体系,但是作为中后期管理阶段的成果管理相比之下却非常薄弱。本文通过对广东省自然科学基金资助项目成果管理现状的分析,结合广东省自然科学基金管理工作的实际情况,针对性地分析广东省自然科学基金资助项目成果管理的主要问题,并提出思路和发展对策,为基金资助项目成果管理模式创新提供新思路。     

互联网精神与“互联网+”时代智慧城市的价值研究

互联网改变了人类的生产和生活形态。文章对互联网精神及其内涵作了阐述和分析,对“互联网+”时代智慧城市的概念进行了梳理和界定,分析了智慧城市的重要意义,提出智慧城市是未来城市发展的重要方向,是目标与道路的统一。并基于“互联网+”时代的背景和互联网精神,研究了智慧城市的价值生成及价值表达路径。     

滑动平均模型参数估计方法的仿真比较

滑动平均模型（MA模型）是最常用的平稳序列模型之一,文章在模型阶数已知的情况下,重点研究MA模型中未知参数的逆相关估计、新息估计和矩估计,进行仿真计算,并对计算结果进行比较分析。     

高校科技成果转化的实践与探索综述

论述了我国高校科技成果转化的3个发展阶段,分析了不同阶段的特点及问题所在,并在我国多年的科技成果转化实践与探索基础上,总结了高校科技成果转化所取的经验。     

Defining and measuring innovation in all sectors of the economy

This paper combines general definitions of innovation applicable in all economic sectors with a systems approach, to develop a conceptual framework for the statistical measurement of innovation. The resulting indicators can be used for monitoring and evaluation of innovation policies that have been implemented, as well as for international comparisons. The extension of harmonised innovation measurement to all economic sectors has implications for innovation research and for policy learning.     

Concordance of apolipoprotein B concentration with the Friedewald,Martin-Hopkins,and Sampson formulas for calculating LDL cholesterol

IntroductionTwo new formulas, the Martin-Hopkins and the Sampson formula, were recently developed to overcome shortcomings of the Friedewald formula for calculating LDL-cholesterol. We aimed to compare the concordance of the two formulas with apolipoprotein B (apoB), a surrogate marker of the number of LDL particles.Materials and methodsIn a study of serum lipid data of 1179 patients who consulted the AZ St-Jan Hospital Bruges for cardiovascular risk assessment, the correlation and concordance of the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas with apoB concentration, measured by immunonephelometry, were determined and compared.ResultsThe Martin-Hopkins formula showed significantly higher correlation coefficient than the Friedewald formula with apoB in the entire dataset and in patients with low LDL-cholesterol < 1.8 mmol/L. Both Martin-Hopkins and Sampson formulas yielded > 70% concordance of LDL-cholesterol with regard to treatment group classification based on population-equivalent thresholds of apoB in hypertriglyceridemic patients (2-4.5 mmol/L), with the highest concordance (75.6%) obtained using Martin-Hopkins formula vs. 60.5% with Friedewald formula.ConclusionThe Martin-Hopkins (and, to a lesser extent, Sampson) formula is more closely associated with the number of LDL particles than Friedewald formula. This, in combination with literature evidence of lesser accuracy of the Friedewald formula, is an argument to switch from Friedewald to a modified, improved formula.     

Assay of tubercular antibody, circulating free and immune complexed antigen in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Analysis of tubercular antibody, circulating free and immune complexed antigen (CIC-Ag) was done in confimed pulmonary tuberculosis sera by ELISA, using ES-31 antigen and affinity purified anti ES-31 antibody. Twenty three of 25 (92%) tuberculosis sera were positive for IgG antibody to ES-31 antigen. Using anti ES-31 antibody, free tubercular antigen could be detected in 20 of 25 (80%) cases whereas circulating immune complexed antigen (CIC-Ag) in 18 of 25 (72%) cases by sandwich ELISA. Of the two sera showing absence of antibody, one showed presence of free and CIC-Ag whereas the other showed the presence of free antigen. Thus antigen assay may be used as an adjunct tool for confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

钒对遗传性Ⅱ型糖尿病ＫＫ小鼠降糖作用的实验研究

以遗传性非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病ＫＫ小鼠为动物模型,研究钒对雌雄性糖尿病小鼠的降糖作用．实验选择３周龄的ＫＫ小鼠,雌雄各半,通过自由饮水方式给予雌雄性小鼠０ｍｇ/Ｌ、０.１ｍｇ/Ｌ和１００ｍｇ/Ｌ的钒酸铵,实验周期为１７周,观察不同剂量钒酸铵对血糖、甘油三酯和总胆固醇代谢的影响．研究结果表明,０１ｍｇ?Ｌ钒酸铵对雌雄性小鼠的血糖水平和血液生化指标没有明显的影响,高剂量钒酸铵（１００ｍｇ?Ｌ）明显降低雄性糖尿病小鼠的饮水量、血糖水平、糖基化血红蛋白、甘油三酯和总胆固醇等,葡萄糖耐量水平得到显著改善,对糖尿病小鼠的肝肾功能没有影响．结果提示钒酸铵对雌性小鼠和雄性小鼠具有降血糖作用,其作用效果有明显的性别差异．     

广西计量检测研究院力值计量装备如何实现跨越式发展

阐述广西计量检测研究院力值计量装备现状,介绍国内外相关情况,提出广西力值计量装备跨越式发展的具体措施。     

Water in the upper mantle and deep crust of eastern China: concentration,distribution and implications

Understanding the concentration and distribution of water in the Earth''s mantle plays a substantial role in studying its chemical, physical and dynamic processes. After a decade of research, a comprehensive dataset of water content in upper-mantle samples has been built for eastern China, which is now the only place with water-content data from such diverse types of natural samples, and provides an integrated picture of the water content and its distribution in the upper mantle at a continental scale. The main findings include the following: (i) the temporal heterogeneity of the water content in the lithospheric mantle from early Cretaceous (∼120 Ma) to Cenozoic (<40 Ma) was tightly connected with the stability of the North China Craton (from its destruction to its consolidation); (ii) the heterogeneous water content in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath different blocks of eastern China was not only inherited from tectonic settings from which they came, but was also affected later by geological processes they experienced; (iii) the distinct water content between the lowermost crust and lithospheric mantle of eastern China and its induced rheological contrast at the base of the crust indicate that the continental crust–mantle boundary could behave either in a coupled or decoupled manner beneath different areas and/or at different stages; (iv) the alkali basalts of eastern China demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of water content in the mantle; local and regional comparisons of the water content between the lithospheric mantle and basalts'' source indicate that the Cenozoic alkali basalts in eastern China were not sourced from the lithospheric mantle. Instead, the inferred high water contents in the mantle sources suggest that the Cenozoic eastern China basalts were likely sourced from the mantle transition zone (MTZ); and (v) both oceanic and continental crusts may carry a certain amount of water back into the deep mantle of eastern China by plate subduction. Such recycled crustal materials have not only created a local water-rich zone, but have also introduced crustal geochemical signatures into the mantle, both accounting for crustal geochemical imprints in the intra-plate magmatic rocks of eastern China.     

Hypoglycemic, lipid lowering and antioxidant activities in root extract of Anthocephalus indicus in alloxan induced diabetic rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic, lipid lowering and antioxidant activities in root extract of Anthocephalus indicus (A indicus) in alloxan inducd diabetic rats. Oral administration of ethanol extract of root (500mg/ kg body weight) for 21 days resulted in significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acids. Furthermore, the root extract (100–400μg) inhibited the generation of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, in both enzymic and non-enzymic systems, in vitro. The result of the present study demonstrated hypoglycemic, lipid lowering and antioxidant activities in root extract of A indicus, which could help in prevention of diabetic dyslipidemia and related diseases.     

Influence of pranayamas and yoga-asanas on serum insulin,blood glucose and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes

A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is an impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and obesity which has become a major health concern worldwide. India with an estimated 31million diabetics in 2000 and 79mllions by the yr 2030 has the highest number of type 2 diabetics in the world. In this study, we aimed to see if yoga-asanas and pranayamas have any influence in modifying certain biochemical parameters. Sixty patients of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (age 35–60 yrs of 1–10 yrs duration) were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=30): performed yoga along with the conventional hypoglycemic medicines and group 2 (n=30): patients who only received conventional medicines. Duration of the study was 45 days. Basal recordings of blood glucose (fasting and post-prandial), lipid profile and serum insulin were taken at the time of recruitment and the second reading after forty five days. Results showed a significant improvement in all the biochemical parameters in group 1 while group 2 showed significant improvement in only few parameters, thus suggesting a beneficial effect of yoga regimen on these parameters in diabetic patients.     

制造业中小企业工艺创新测度评价现状和发展趋势研究综述

本在分析了制造业现状及中小企业技术创新优势的基础上，对制造业中小企业工艺创新及测度与评价的方法理论加以总结归纳，并对制造业中小企业工艺创新及测度与评价的未来发展趋势进行预测分析。     

知识溢出的规模经济、范围经济与联结经济

新经济增长理论强调知识溢出对经济增长的贡献,知识溢出对区域经济的共同增长具有重要意义。知识溢出不仅具有规模经济,而且还具有范围经济和联结经济。知识溢出的规模经济根源于知识的MAR和Porter外部性,知识溢出的范围经济根源于知识的Jacobs外部性,联结经济则来源于知识的租金外部性。知识溢出的经济效应的发挥受到空间距离、市场结构、接受能力和社会网络等因素的影响。     

黄河源区气候水文和植被覆盖变化及面临问题的对策建议

黄河源区是黄河流域最重要的水源地和产流区,贡献了超过全流域37%的产流量,对流域中下游地区的水资源安全、粮食生产和生态环境有决定性的意义。明晰黄河源区近60年来的气候水文和近30年来的植被覆盖特别是草地退化的变化特征,不仅是深入理解黄河源区水文循环机理的前提,也是准确把握源区及中下游水资源状况和生态环境的关键,更是贯彻习近平总书记"黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展"要求的核心问题。从气候角度看,黄河源区自1951年以来经历了显著的暖湿化过程,20世纪90年代有所回落。但从2000年以来,气温和降水以更快的速度增大,进而引发了冰川积雪消融加剧、蒸散发增加和冻土层退缩等一系列后果。然而,由于各个过程中水分损耗的加剧以及人类活动的影响,这种增湿并不能转换为有效的水资源,黄河源区的观测和天然河川径流量均呈现出减少的趋势。而不断退化的草地则使得区域水分涵养能力不断降低,生态环境不断恶化。面对黄河源区严峻的水资源和生态环境挑战,除了继续深入研究黄河源区水文循环机理外,建议应做到:(1)将生态环境保护放在首位;(2)水资源的有序开发利用;(3)社会生产与自然环境的和谐共存;(4)从战略高度贯彻实施有序适...     

我国科普网站发展现状、问题及对策探析

本文分析了我国目前科普网站的现状,分析了其发展中存在的一些问题,并结合我国几个优秀的科普网站的成功经验,提出准确的受众定位、精良的、寓教于乐的内容、鲜明的特色、多样化的表现形式是科普网站获得发展的有效途径.     

Mapping and measuring the information society: A social science perspective on the opportunities,problems, and prospects of broadband Internet data in the United States

Abstract

There are concerns across government, industry, and academia over the inadequacies of data on broadband Internet connections. These inadequacies are important to consider because government policies and regulations, industry strategies, and scholarly research can be impacted by inaccurate or distorted data. Given that there are ongoing discussions about policy initiatives to improve these data, this article sets out to critically review publicly available data, identify important limitations of these data, and profile studies that have used these data successfully. In this review, the dynamic nature of broadband data will be discussed and the tradeoffs of pursuing further investments to create better databases evaluated. This evaluation suggests a more fruitful research path would be to recognize and work around existing data drawbacks, using the studies profiled in this article as examples, to explore a multitude of issues related to broadband availability, adoption, and use.