What contemporary work are student ratings actually doing in higher education?

It is conventionally assumed that student ratings perform a significant function in driving improvement in pedagogical practices in higher education. As a result, this form of evaluation has gradually become institutionalised in recent decades as an essential proxy for understanding teaching and course quality in universities across the world. However, with the rise of market-based models in higher education and heightened expectations for accountability mechanisms, the role and functional purpose of ratings-based student evaluation have become increasingly confused. This rising ambiguity has created strong tensions between the seminal drive of student ratings as a tool of quality improvement, and the emerging demands for its use as a transparent accountability measure for the comparative assessment of academic performativity. So are student ratings now largely a tool of quality assurance or performance measurement, or do they remain a legitimate tool for pedagogical improvement? This paper reports on a study that responded to this critical question by considering the contemporary work of student ratings in a major Australian university. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that tension between improvement and accountability motives is causing considerable confusion and discord around the role and value of the student voice. It also reveals that academics are tending to discount the often critical insights of students on the implications of their pedagogical practices as a result of the elevating institutional role of student ratings as a proxy for teaching quality. In considering these outcomes, rising levels of academic dissonance around student ratings would suggest a necessity to consider broadened evaluative strategies that are able to more effectively capture the improvement potential offered by the student voice.     

语文审美教育管见

语文课堂教学要担负起美育教育的使命,教师在课堂教学中应充分挖掘教材美的资源,通过审美教育使学生认识到语文本身就是自然美、社会美、艺术美的仓库,通过学习语文接受美的熏陶,培养学生真、善、美统一的健康人格。     

以评价改革提升高校学风建设

学生上课不抬头、不做笔记、抢后排等是我国部分大学课堂的现实情况。为了治理这些问题,一些大学开展了加强学风建设活动,提出检查不带教材、不做笔记、不提问题、不坐前排的“四不”现象,检查到课率、抬头率以及前排学生入座率的“三率”等要求,这些措施都只是对学风进行的表面治理。要让大学生投入课堂学习,必须以问题为导向,破解影响人才培养质量的学校办学定位问题、教师考核问题以及学生评价问题。     

学生发展：本科教学质量监测评估的新视角

中国高等教育规模经历超常规扩张后,质量成为核心议题。监测评估是国际通行的质量保障方式之一。我国目前的高等教育质量监测评估偏重于资源或投入性指标,对人才培养的过程和人才培养成果的监测尚待进一步完善。文章探讨学生发展理论及其在高等教育评估中的应用,通过专家调查法等研究方法建立了一套基于学生发展的本科教学质量监测评估指标体系。从学生发展的视角,通过增值评价的路径,监测高等教育人才培养的过程和成效。     

The Construct Validity of Student Engagement: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach

As institutions seek to promote student engagement on campus, the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) is increasingly being used to chart progress and compare results using the Five Benchmark Scores. While recent research has begun to decompose the five benchmarks in a variety of ways; few research studies have sought to explore the underlying structure of these five benchmarks, their interdependence, and the extent to which the items do reflect those five dimensions. This study begins to address the instrument’s construct validity by submitting a single, first-time freshman cohort’s NSSE responses to a confirmatory factor analysis, and proposes as an alternative, eight “dimensions” of student engagement that fit this set of data slightly better and in a more useful way. Results have practical implications for institutions utilizing NSSE, but also contain conceptual implications pertaining to the application of these benchmarks.     

Teacher Education for Research‐based Practice in Expanded Roles: Finland's experience

Preparing teachers for a research‐based professionalism has been the central mission of teacher education in Finland since the mid‐1970s. More recently, as a result of such national policy developments as school‐based curriculum development and local decision‐making, the conception of teachers' work and professionalism has expanded. Drawing on experience within the teacher education programmes at the University of Helsinki and Åbo Akademi University, this paper discusses some of the programmatic issues that these developments have raised in class‐teacher, i.e. “elementary”, teacher education programmes. We focus in particular firstly on the research thesis that is a part of every teacher education programme in Finland, and the hallmark of the research‐based professional ideal; and, secondly on the emerging issues that derive from the need to incorporate the expanded understanding of the teacher's role within the curriculum of teacher education.     

Becoming coaches: A study of two novices’ journey

This paper examines the practice of two novice teacher educators working as instructional coaches in a university-based teacher education program. Previous research suggests that the knowledge and skills required to be an effective teacher are distinct from those required to be an effective teacher educator. Yet novice teacher educators often receive minimal preparation. This qualitative study identifies dilemmas that novice coaches encounter during observation debrief conversations in order to inform coach training. The findings suggest that the process used by the researchers to surface dilemmas may also be a useful intervention in shaping the identity and practice of novice teacher educators.     

高职学生学习投入评价量表构建及检验研究

学业学习是高职学生在校的主要任务, 关系着高职学生的职业能力养成和后续职业生涯的发展,是影响高职教育质量的最重要因素。根据大学生学习投入理论、结合高职学生学习特点,构建了“高职学生学习投入评价量表”,并经预测后正式施测获得1\"080 个有效样本,将有效样本随机分成三组分别进行探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析和复核效化检验。分析结果发现,探索性因素分析所修正的四因素、18 项题的学习投入评价量表模型具有良好的拟合度、内容结构信度、收敛和区别效度以及跨样本稳定性,能为高职院校开展学生学习投入评价提供有效、可靠的工具。     

Is it possible to redress noninstructional biases in student evaluation of teaching surveys? Quantitative analysis in accounting and finance courses

Several studies have reported that student evaluation of teaching (SET) presents important problems. First, depending on the area, there are significant differences in the evaluations. Second, numerous noninstructional biases exist, such as when those teachers who award better grades obtain better SETs. Correcting the rankings by considering these biases (e.g., adjusting SETs according to the class grade) has been proposed. In this paper, we analyse a third problem: it is impossible to correct the biases because they are specific to each area, level, and even class. On a sample of 15,439 SETs, we compared the biases present in two very close areas (accounting and finance) and at two levels (undergraduate and postgraduate). Then, we used a procedure based on the analysis of residuals in OLS models to eliminate area- and level-specific biases. However, there are still latent biases apparently linked to each specific group of students.     

哈萨克斯坦ECAQA学生参与高校教育质量保障研究

大学生作为高等教育最直接的体验者、最密切的利益相关者,在高校教育质量保障中理应拥有一席之地。哈萨克斯坦欧亚高等教育卫生健康认证与质量保障中心（ECAQA）组织学生从评估标准制定、高校外部教育质量保障、高校内部教育质量保障三方面参与高校教育质量评估,具有以开放多元的学生视角扩宽评估维度等特点,体现了“以学生为本”与“学生主体意识”的现代教育理念,这为我国高校质量评估提供了学习的案例。首先,源头保障学生参与;其次,提高学生参与效能;第三,扩展学生评估高校的维度;最后,畅通学生参与路径。     

从“五唯”到“多维”：高校教师学术评价的变革

学术评价具有高度复杂性和系统性,容易受到多重因素的困扰。长期以来,高校教师学术评价因“五唯”困扰而饱受诟病,其不仅助长了学术研究的急功近利和浮躁之风,还在客观上导致了大量学术泡沫的产生。自“破五唯”政策实施以来,虽然各大高校纷纷开启了一系列学术变革活动,推出了诸如“学术代表作制”等种种新举措,但从“破五唯”的政策精神看,诸多举措仍然存在“治标不治本”的形式主义问题,陷入认识论方面的理解误区。推进学术评价变革需要建立在尊重内外部矛盾以及相关规律的基础之上。从“五唯”到“多维”的评价变革体现的是对不同学术研究逻辑与知识生产规律的尊重,也是对不同类型高校、不同学科责任使命的尊重。     

美国“临床实践型教师教育”的教育实习模式探析

教师是一个类似于医学、护理或临床心理学的临床实践专业。为达成培养高效教师的终极目标,美国\"临床实践型教师教育\"聚焦实践性教育学环节,对教育实习的目标与内容、实习基地学校和指导教师的资格认证均作出了明确规定。为确保教育实习的成效,\"临床实践型教师教育\"强调相关主体应建立起支持性合作伙伴关系,并尝试搭建全国性的信息网络平台,从而形成具有整体性、连贯性的教育实习体系,以培养高效教师,满足教育需求。     

Teacher professionalism and student evaluation of teaching: will better teachers receive higher ratings and will better students give higher ratings?

The use of student evaluations of teaching performance has been an important but controversial tool in the improvement of teaching quality during the past few decades. Although student evaluations of teaching are implemented in many faculties, not everyone is convinced of the desirability and utility of these ratings. In this paper, we present the results of a study with regard to the existence of a higher‐order factor that might influence students' perceptions of teaching and, thus, explain the variance in teacher rating scales. A second question concerns the effect of students' grades on teacher ratings and of other factors influencing this relationship (for instance, students' overall grades).