Compositionality and statistics in adjective acquisition: 4-year-olds interpret tall and short based on the size distributions of novel noun referents

Four experiments investigated 4-year-olds' understanding of adjective-noun compositionality and their sensitivity to statistics when interpreting scalar adjectives. In Experiments 1 and 2, children selected tall and short items from 9 novel objects called pimwits (1-9 in. in height) or from this array plus 4 taller or shorter distractor objects of the same kind. Changing the height distributions of the sets shifted children's tall and short judgments. However, when distractors differed in name and surface features from targets, in Experiment 3, judgments did not shift. In Experiment 4, dissimilar distractors did affect judgments when they received the same name as targets. It is concluded that 4-year-olds deploy a compositional semantics that is sensitive to statistics and mediated by linguistic labels.     

名词和动词的范畴转换

名词和动词在语法属性上都表现有落畴的备选转换和优选转称。各词和动词的备选转称之间具有不对称的特征,从汉语发展史的角度看动词的优选转换也有不对称的特征。这与人类认知的一般规律及不同历史时期的认知特点有关。     

认识与交往:师生关系的两个层次

认识与交往是透析师生关系的两个层次,是分别从认识论和交往理论角度对这一关系所做的规定。从认识论角度,师生关系体现为不断游移变换的主客体关系;从交往角度,师生关系是教师个体与学生个体(群体)之间的角色对话关系。     

Measuring the quality of education at two levels: A case study of primary schools in rural Ethiopia

This paper constructs two measures of the quality of education. The first one is a quality measure on the institutional level, it is derived inductively from the answers provided by school directors from rural Ethiopia on several interview questions. A cornerstone in my definition of school "quality" in a resource constraint environment is the degree of responsiveness to household needs. The second one is a measure of the quality of teaching at the individual level based on teaching attitudes and teaching behaviour of teachers. Pearson correlations show that school quality is positively correlated with increased enrolment but also that the quality of teaching is negatively correlated with increased pupil/teacher ratios. Schools in rural Ethiopia thus make a quantity-quality trade-off. Evidence suggests that class size is not the relevant variable in the quality debate, but time allocation of teachers is.     

Measuring the quality of education at two levels: A case study of primary schools in rural Ethiopia

This paper constructs two measures of the quality of education. The first one is a quality measure on the institutional level, it is derived inductively from the answers provided by school directors from rural Ethiopia on several interview questions. A cornerstone in my definition of school "quality" in a resource constraint environment is the degree of responsiveness to household needs. The second one is a measure of the quality of teaching at the individual level based on teaching attitudes and teaching behaviour of teachers. Pearson correlations show that school quality is positively correlated with increased enrolment but also that the quality of teaching is negatively correlated with increased pupil/teacher ratios. Schools in rural Ethiopia thus make a quantity-quality trade-off. Evidence suggests that class size is not the relevant variable in the quality debate, but time allocation of teachers is.     

浅谈俄汉口语中的名词喻人现象

口语中常用动植物、吃、穿、用的名词或表示器物的名词来指称人,这种名词喻人现象是口语中最常见的富有表情色彩的语言现象之一。本文从感情色彩、类型两个方面来论述这类名词在俄汉语中的异同。     

分析“动词+名词+数量”和“动词+数量+名词”的结构特点

我们考察的"动词-名词/数量-数量/名词"结构是数量结构中的量词是名词的专用量词,可以组构"数量.名"定中结构的情形,本文将对"名-数量"与"数量.名"做宾语的结构差异特点进行简要分析。     

Performance of good and poor readers at two grade levels on an Auditory Cognitive Style Task

Sixty-four good and poor readers at first and third grades were administered a task measuring cognitive style in the auditory modality. They were also administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) to obtain a measure of IQ. Poor readers committed significantly more errors and exhibited shorter response latencies on the Auditory Cognitive Style Task than did good readers. More importantly, poor readers demonstrated inefficient strategies for successful performance. It was suggested that good reading skills, as well as successful performance on the auditory task, require a certain degree of planfulness and self-monitoring activity on the part of the child which was apparently absent in the poor reader. Furthermore, it was proposed that the cognitive style variable, conceptual tempo, may be better viewed within the framework of the concept of metacognition.     

Television viewing at home: age trends in visual attention and time with TV

The TV-viewing behavior of 99 families with young children was videotaped by automated time-lapse recording equipment placed in homes for 10-day periods. The 99 families comprised 460 individuals from infants to 62 years of age. Time-sample analyses of 4,672 hours of recordings indicated that the TV-viewing room contained no viewers 14.7% of the time that the TV was on. There were no age trends in time spent with television. Percent visual attention to television increased greatly across the preschool years, leveled off at about 70% during the school-age years, and declined in adulthood. Men looked at the TV more than women. There were no significant correlations between time spent with TV and percent of visual attention to TV. The increase in visual attention to television during the preschool years is consistent with the theory that TV program comprehensibility is a major determination of attention in young children.     

以人为本实施分层次教学

我校从90年代末开始进行分层次教学实验,从原来两个班的数学单科分层次教学,发展到目前的数学、英语两科全年级分层次教学。有效、合理地实施分层次教学,促进了学生综合素质的提高,在学习方面的效果更为明显。我们的具体做法是: 一、科学、合理地分层次编班 分层次编班是否科学、合理,是搞好分层次教学的前提。学期初,我们按学生数学、英语两科的考试成绩分别由高分到低分为四个班级(三个层次),其中1班是成绩好的学生,2、3班成绩一般,4班是成绩相对低的学生。为使他们主动学习,找准适合学习的层次,对处于不同层次临界线的学生给予试听的机会,试听1-2个周后再确定适合自己层次的班级。4班人数控制在30人以内,以便于任课教师有效地进行课堂     

汉语副+名现象的语义、语法分析与认知基础

汉语中的副+名结构是一种特殊的语言现象.这种副+名结构存在的可能性,基于汉语语法功能的隐含性;副+名结构形成的现实条件,是汉语副词与形容词语法与语义上的关联性;汉语副+名结构的认知基础,源于汉民族长于具象思维的心理机制.     

Analogical reasoning and the development of algebraic abstraction

This paper presents a theory of the development of algebraic abstraction which extends Sfard's (1991, 1994a,b) and Mason's (1982, 1989) ideas on the learner's progress from operational or process-oriented thinking to the abstract or structural perspective. The theory incorporates a process of analogical reasoning to account for the means by which the learner might construct expressions of generality and subsequently manipulate them as mathematical objects. Such reasoning entails similarity comparisons in which a mapping is made between the corresponding relational properties of algebraic examples. These comparisons may firstly entail unpacking the relations in the examples in order to highlight the structural commonalities. The common relational structure is subsequently extracted to form a knowledge basis, namely, the construction of a mental model or representation that expresses the observed generalisation. The theory is applied to an analysis of secondary school students' approaches to classifying a set of complex equations. A student who appeared capable of algebraic abstraction within the domain of the task is contrasted with two students who were at a pseudostructural stage, where their focus on syntactic surface structures prevented them from forming the relational mappings needed for the construction of generalised models of the equation types.     

对信息本质的哲学解读

信息由科学概念到哲学范畴的提升,关键在于揭示信息的抽象本质.本文拟以探究信息的功能为理论线索,通过对自然科学信息理论及通信过程的深入剖析,揭示信息的初级本质在于对一定阶段系统诸要素发展趋向不确定性的消除;而信息的高级本质则在于信息通信过程所实现的系统自组织有序化,由此信息成为物质世界普遍联系的实质中介.本文揭示信息哲学本性的理论前提在于肯定信息的客观实在性.这一本质属性既在信息的本质特征中得到论证,又体现在信息对物质能量过程的依赖关系中.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of two novel inorganic-organic hybrid materials

By using different organic ligands, two 3D inorganic-organic hybrid compounds Co（C4H4N2）（VO3）2 1 and Co（C12H12N2）（VO3）2 2 were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data： 1. crystal system orthorhombic, space group Pnna, a=1 0.188（2） A, b=1 1.497（2） A, c=7.3975（15） A, V=866.5（3） A^3, Z=4, Dcalcd= 2.705 g/cm^3; 2. crystal system triclinic, space group P1^- （No. 2）, a=8.3190（17） A, b=8.4764（17） A, c=1 1.183（2） A, a=95.48（3）°, β=92.03（3）°, γ=107.24（3）°,V=748.0（3） A^3, Z=2, Dcalcd= 1.958 g/cm^3. The framework of compound 1 contains both {Co（C4H4N2）} and infinite metavanadate chains. Crystal structure of compound 2 is constructed with inorganic {CoV2O6} layers across-linked by organic 1,2-bis（4-pyridyl） ethane ligands. The two compounds are thermally stable to approximately 410 ℃ and 350 ℃, respectively. Their optical band gaps are determined to be 2.13 eV and 2.12 eV by UV-VIS-NIR diffuse reflectance spectra, which revealed their nature of semiconductor and optical absorption features.     

Development of angle concepts by progressive abstraction and generalisation

This paper presents a new theory of the development of angle concepts. It is proposed that children progressively recognise deeper and deeper similarities between their physical angle experiences and classify them firstly into specific situations, then into more general contexts, and finally into abstract domains. An angle concept is abstracted from each class at each stage of development. We call the most general angle concept the standard angle concept. To investigate the role of the standard abstract angle concept in conceptual development, 192 children from Grades 2 to 8 were tested to find how they used it in modelling 9 physical angle situations and in expressing similarities between them. It was found that the standard angle concept first develops in situations where both arms of the angle are visible. Even at Grade 8, there are still significant proportions of students who do not use standard angles to represent turning and sloping situations. Implications for theory and practice are explored.This revised version was published online in September 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Curriculum Policy-Making at the School Level: two approaches

The main burden of this paper is to point up what are considered to be serious shortcomings in Barrow's [1] argument that the 'philosophically competent' head should control a school's curriculum policy. At the same time, whilst exigencies of space prohibit a comprehensive defence of 'participatory decision-making' and its pertinence for schools [2], it will be argued that curriculum policy is best controlled by governing bodies of the type proposed by the Taylor Committee [3], given, of course, that such bodies must operate within a framework of national and local authority policy.