农村水利多主体供给效率比较与协同供给例证分析

为解决农村水利供给不足、供给效率不高等问题,需要改进农村水利供给模式。分别对政府供给、市场参与农村水利供给、协会及第三部门供给优势与效率损失进行分析。接着,采用向量自回归(VAR)方法,实证量化不同供给主体下的协同效应水平,得出国家财政投入与有效灌溉面积之间存在Granger因果关系,企业私人投资、银行贷款、农户自筹投资能够增加有效灌溉面积,但不能有效构成有效灌溉面积增加的Granger因果关系。因此,需要建立以政府投入为主导、政府与市场相结合农村水利供给体系。     

Gasifying coal underground

With growing concern for adequate sources of energy in the future there has been a revival of interest in the underground gasification of coal. This article describes current activity in this field and discusses the technological and economic factors involved. It concludes that although this means of utilising coal is only marginally attractive at present, it could yet prove valuable—especially for exploiting very deep coal seams, as in Belgium—in changing economic circumstances.     

新疆少数民族毕业生就业难的成因及对策分析

新疆少数民族人口众多,分布广泛,作为民族地区宝贵的人力资源——少数民族毕业生的就业状况如何,直接关系着少数民族地区的经济、文化发展,直接影响着整个新疆经济的腾飞.因此,高度重视新疆少数民族毕业生的就业问题,并对少数民族大学生的就业进行深入的研究和探讨,具有重要的意义.深入研究新疆少数民族大学生就业难的问题,努力提高少数民族毕业生的就业能力,促进少数民族大学生充分就业,是摆在社会、高校面前的一个重要课题.     

Science education in Europe at secondary school level

Western civilization is now heavily dependent on science-based industry, which can be sustained only by an adequate flow of appropriately trained scientists and a proper understanding of science and its objectives among the population at large. This article—based on a round-table discussion in Luxembourg in April 1979, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities—reviews the principles and practice of science teaching in secondary schools within the Community and differing attitudes to the scope of the subject.     

城市化诱发地下水补给增量的机理分析

分析城市化对地下水补给的影响,无论对研究城市水文循环、水资源供需平衡,还是防治地下水水质恶化都有重要意义.但至今为止,城市化发展将引起地下水补给量的增加还是减小尚无定论,其影响机理也不十分清楚.该文以石家庄市为例,通过分析城市化影响地下水补给的时空效应,最终揭示了城市化对地下水补给的影响机理.结果表明:城市化会导致地下水补给量的增加;地下水开采诱发产生对城市周围地下水流场和地表水的袭夺以及城市供、排水系统渗漏所造成的新补给源的引人是城市化诱发产生地下水补给增量的重要机理;供排水系统渗漏所造成的新补给源是城市地下水补给量计算中必须充分考虑的重要组成.     

Ecology and chemistry of mammalian pheromones

The importance of chemical signals in regulating animal behaviour has long been known, but the nature of the substances involved — many of them highly active — has received relatively little attention. It appears that in some cases, at least, the individual animal presents a unique chemical pattern by which it can be identified. This article reviews some recent work in this field, with special reference to the pheromones of tigers, leopards and lions where the collection of the necessary samples presents unusual experimental problems.     

浅论加强高校伙食物资采购管理工作的途径

本文从加强高校伙食物资采购管理工作需要出发,分析了高校伙食物资采购管理的现状,提出了加强高校伙食物资管理工作的有效途径,论述了做好伙食物资采购管理工作的几种模式,阐述了几种有效途径和管理模式对指导加强高校伙食物资采购管理工作的现实意义．明确了高校伙食物资采购管理工作的任务和建议。     

The stakeholder value proposition of digital platforms in an urban ecosystem

Using a mixed-method approach, we assess the conditions under which digital platforms can successfully deliver their stakeholder value propositions (SVP)—declarative statements that the digital platform makes about how it adds value or solves a problem for target stakeholders—in cities. We examine the popular digital platform Airbnb in the touristic city of Barcelona and analyze the extent to which it delivers its value proposition to guests, hosts, and the city. Evidence suggests that Airbnb in Barcelona closely resembles the existing hotel industry, reinforcing over-tourism and inequality, which explains the adverse reactions Airbnb has faced from the city. We contrast this with the case of a nearby non-touristic city, Igualada, where the platform has delivered on its SVP. Our findings suggest that, while complex and gradual, the process of joint value creation between the digital platform and its stakeholders is possible and can be beneficial under conditions of mutual adjustment and business model adaptation. We uncover the substantive, localized, and dynamic characteristics of the SVP design process and discuss the academic, policymaking, and managerial implications of adequate platform design.     

Content features of tweets for effective communication during disasters: A media synchronicity theory perspective

Users’ ability to retweet information has made Twitter one of the most prominent social media platforms for disseminating emergency information during disasters. However, few studies have examined how Twitter’s features can support the different communication patterns that occur during different phases of disaster events. Based on the literature of disaster communication and Media Synchronicity Theory, we identify distinct disaster phases and the two communication types—crisis communication and risk communication—that occur during those phases. We investigate how Twitter’s representational features, including words, URLs, hashtags, and hashtag importance, influence the average retweet time—that is, the average time it takes for retweet to occur—as well as how such effects differ depending on the type of disaster communication. Our analysis of tweets from the 2013 Colorado floods found that adding more URLs to tweets increases the average retweet time more in risk-related tweets than it does in crisis-related tweets. Further, including key disaster-related hashtags in tweets contributed to faster retweets in crisis-related tweets than in risk-related tweets. Our findings suggest that the influence of Twitter’s media capabilities on rapid tweet propagation during disasters may differ based on the communication processes.     

气候变化对地表水资源可利用量影响的不确定性分析

气候变化影响的研究成果在水工程设计和水资源规划管理中的直接应用和推广面临不确定性问题的挑战.本文以汉江上游流域为例,对比分析了气候变化对河川径流影响的研究成果,指出没有考虑气候变化对流域下垫面条件的影响是导致径流量预测存在不确定性的主要因素之一.根据气候变化对径流量影响的研究成果,采用扣损失法计算汉江上游流域的地表水资源可利用量,通过对比分析发现,由于没有考虑气候变化对生态需水、汛期洪水等因素的影响,使得气候变化对地表水资源可利用量影响的评价也存在较大的不确定性.因此,针对主要涉及的气候要素模拟的可靠性,以及对径流影响因素和相关规划要素对气候变化的响应进行全面评价,是水工程设计和水资源规划管理中应用气候变化研究成果的重要保障.     

Pornography, ethics, and video games

In a recent and provocative essay, Christopher Bartel attempts to resolve the gamer’s dilemma. The dilemma, formulated by Morgan Luck, goes as follows: there is no principled distinction between virtual murder and virtual pedophilia. So, we’ll have to give up either our intuition that virtual murder is morally permissible—seemingly leaving us over-moralizing our gameplay—or our intuition that acts of virtual pedophilia are morally troubling—seemingly leaving us under-moralizing our game play. Bartel’s attempted resolution relies on establishing the following three theses: (1) virtual pedophilia is child pornography, (2) the consumption of child pornography is morally wrong, and (3) virtual murder is not murder. Relying on Michael Rea’s definition of pornography, I argue that we should reject thesis one, but since Bartel’s moral argument in thesis two does not actually rely thesis one that his resolution is not thereby undermined. Still, even if we grant that there are adequate resources internal to Bartel’s account to technically resolve the gamer’s dilemma his reasoning is still unsatisfying. This is so because Bartel follows Neil Levy in arguing that virtual pedophilia is wrong because it harms women. While I grant Levy’s account, I argue that this is the wrong kind of reason to resolve the gamer’s dilemma because it is indirect. What we want is to know what is wrong with virtual child pornography itself. Finally, I suggest alternate moral resources for resolving the gamer’s dilemma that are direct in a way that Bartel’s resources are not.     

浅议广告在现代社会的重要作用

广告是一种传播工具,是将某一商品的信息,通过一定的传播媒介传送给消费者;社会市场竞争激烈,好的产品必须借助于广告宣传,只有通过适当的广告宣传活动,将产品打出去,将自己的企业形象树立起来,才能形成自己的品牌和口碑,从而使企业在商海中立于不败之地。广告创意的重要性在于广告所能阐述传达的效果。     

文献招标采购中的逆向选择行为及对策

本文首先说明了信息不对称引致的文献供应商逆向选择行为的表现，接着通过构建供应商信号传递模型来说明治理这种行为的有效方法，最后提出了治理供应商逆向选择行为的对策。     

A viewpoint on innovation and the chemical industry

The paper discusses the evolution of the chemical industry and its role in economic and social development. The industry is highly innovative and its new products are important in stimulating innovation and in other industrial sectors, as well as in agriculture and in the services. The decades from the 1930s to the 1960s have been exceptionally important in the chemical industry, thanks to the development of petrochemicals, including the wide range of plastics, fibres, elastomers and other synthetic materials, whose properties have allowed a remarkable substitution of natural materials, such as metals, wood, paper, rubber, cotton and wool.Innovation has recently been increasingly hampered by a set of constraints due to the likelihood of undesired effects of chemical products on human health and on the environment. Examples of such effects are given in the paper, and the consequences in terms of increasing difficulties and costs of product innovation in face of ever more severe regulations and controls are illustrated.Yet the evolving world geo-political scence exemplified by the energy crisis evidence the need for a continuing spring of innovation in the chemical industry. The paper expresses the viewpoint that there are still great opportunities for innovations. Chemistry will be more integrated with Biology and with electronics. The chemical industry will be of primary importance through innovation of products, processes and the growing supplies of services in connection with the need to bring adequate solutions to the basic problems of our society such as food, health and energy.     

“汽车文化基础”作为大学生通识课程的探讨

推进通识教育的核心任务是通识教育课程体系的建设。本文以通识教育课程——汽车文化基础的建设为例,分析了开设本课程所涉及的学科,说明了其建设的必要性和重要性。     

The St Lucia project and control of schistosomiasis

The chronic trematode infection schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) depends for its transmission on a snail intermediate host. It is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical areas, where attempts to control it are a major charge on public health services. Between 1966 and 1981 a carefully planned and monitored campaign was carried out in St Lucia to compare the effects of the three principal control methods — snail control, chemotherapy, and improved water supply.     

Ferromanganese in the iron and steel industry

It appears, in the light of the facts presented in the foregoing, that the manganese situation is one of serious importance—one that warrants thoughtful consideration on the part of those interested in the subject. The possibility of metallurgical science discovering a substitute deoxidizer which will take the place of manganese, either in whole or in part, appears to be an alluring one. Naturally, any attempt at such an endeavor will call for a large amount of labor on the part of many men, and it is not to be supposed that the final solution of the problem will be effected in any short time. The matter of obtaining suitable coöperation with steel makers for the use of their plants so that experiments may be carried out on a scale commensurate with that of practice is one that will have to be taken care of by research men who hope to contribute in large measure to any progress along this line. Steel works laboratories have an opportunity before them, if they have not already grasped it—and they apparently have not, if published data can be any criterion. A recent investigation carried out in this country appears to be the first well-defined attempt in this direction.     

香港高校廉政建设的经验及启示

香港素有廉洁之都的美誉,廉洁的氛围为香港高校的发展提供了良好的外部条件,此外,香港高校特别重视加强对学生思想道德素质的教育,把廉政建设的内容有意识地具体地贯彻在高校德育教育的目标与内容之中,其经验值得我们学习借鉴。该文从外部条件、运行机制、校园廉政文化建设三个方面对香港高校廉政建设的形式特点进行分析,总结经验,为加强内地高校廉政建设工作提供可资借鉴的范例。     

利津县淡水渔业与盐碱荒地的综合开发

利津县为黄河三角洲的重要组成部分。是环深渊湾经济区和黄河经济带的交汇。其优越的地理、气候条件，丰富的土地资源、客水资源、鱼种资源、劳力资源及饲料供应，为淡水渔业的开发创造了优良条件。全县不但有可观的天然水面和人工水面，更有大片的盐碱荒地可通过“挖池抬田”的方式发展生态渔业，进行综合开发。现在的400余ha渔塘，其社会、经济及生态效益已开始露，而且有广阔的发展前景。今后有必要通过统一规划，因地制宜地进行综合开发，并制定有关优惠政策，加强管理，搞好配套建设，增加科技与资金投入，保证鱼苗供应及销售服务等，以确保淡水渔业与盐碱荒地的综合开发得以稳步健康发展。